{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:40:54Z","timestamp":1792618854343,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Henan Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:00:49Z","timestamp":1792508449000},"page":"105657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The evolution of immunotherapy resistance in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer: A spatiotemporal perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiateng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114290","article-title":"BRAF + EGFR +\/- MEK inhibitors after immune checkpoint inhibitors in BRAF V600E mutated and deficient mismatch repair or microsatellite instability high metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"210","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02848-4","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus nivolumab in microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer (CheckMate 8HW): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"405","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1783249","article-title":"Development and clinical application of bispecific antibody in the treatment of colorectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Balibegloo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0090","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in cancer research and precision medicine","volume":"11","author":"Bhinder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal5240","article-title":"Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer","volume":"358","author":"Bullman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05402-9","article-title":"Metastatic recurrence in colorectal cancer arises from residual EMP1+ cells","volume":"611","author":"Ca\u00f1ellas-Socias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-026-01811-y","article-title":"Cell-based cancer immunotherapy: milestones, mechanistic insights, and emerging therapeutic directions","volume":"47","author":"Cao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.10.003","article-title":"Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"34","author":"Cervantes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02781-9","article-title":"JMJD6 in tumor-associated macrophage regulates macrophage polarization and cancer progression via STAT3\/IL-10 axis","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04182-9","article-title":"Nous-209 neoantigen vaccine for cancer prevention in Lynch syndrome carriers: a phase 1b\/2 trial","volume":"32","author":"D\u2019Alise","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib11","first-page":"97","article-title":"Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer","volume":"89","author":"De\u2019 Angelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0197-y","article-title":"Advances in immunotherapeutic strategies for colorectal cancer commentary on: tumoral immune cell exploitation in colorectal cancer metastases can be targeted effectively by anti-CCR5 therapy in cancer patients by Halama et al","volume":"4","author":"Deming","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib13","first-page":"25","article-title":"Germline MSH6 mutations are more prevalent in endometrial cancer patient cohorts than hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer cohorts","volume":"77","author":"Devlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ulst. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0011-0","article-title":"A reappraisal of CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010118","article-title":"A comprehensive biomarker analysis of microsatellite unstable\/mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer cohort treated with immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"\u00c9lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105892","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in MSI-like metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter, single-arm, phase II, open-label clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Elez","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESMO Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0094","article-title":"Cross-species single-cell analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma reveals antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"9","author":"Elyada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101917","article-title":"Regorafenib plus nivolumab in patients with mismatch repair-proficient\/microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: a single-arm, open-label, multicentre phase 2 study","volume":"58","author":"Fakih","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.64077","article-title":"Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: current achievements and future perspective","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.08.1494","volume":"36","author":"Foote","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03296","article-title":"Regorafenib plus nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or colorectal cancer: an open-label, dose-escalation, and dose-expansion phase ib trial (REGONIVO, EPOC1603)","volume":"38","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03296","article-title":"Regorafenib plus nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or colorectal cancer: an open-label, dose-escalation, and dose-expansion phase ib trial (REGONIVO, EPOC1603)","volume":"38","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2506","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system","volume":"9","author":"Gabrilovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1327","article-title":"Genetic mechanisms of immune evasion in colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Grasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2409515","article-title":"Ponsegromab for the treatment of cancer cachexia","volume":"391","author":"Groarke","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387665-2.00003-1","article-title":"The functions of MutL in mismatch repair: the power of multitasking","volume":"110","author":"Guarn\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0479","article-title":"A Phase II, Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of simtuzumab in combination with FOLFIRI for the second-line treatment of metastatic KRAS mutant colorectal adenocarcinoma.","volume":"22","author":"Hecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112675","article-title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase1 supports HIF-1\u03b1 stability to promote colorectal tumorigenesis under hypoxia","volume":"42","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02273-6","article-title":"Unraveling the multifaceted role of EpCAM in colorectal cancer: an integrated review of its function and interplay with non-coding RNAs","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.10.018","article-title":"The immunoreceptor TIGIT regulates antitumor and antiviral CD8(+) T cell effector function","volume":"26","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01226-y","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus azacitidine in patients with chemotherapy refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a single-arm phase 2 trial and correlative biomarker analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.87440","article-title":"Dual role of CD73 as a signaling molecule and adenosine-generating enzyme in colorectal cancer progression and immune evasion","volume":"20","author":"Lian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.87440","article-title":"Dual role of CD73 as a signaling molecule and adenosine-generating enzyme in colorectal cancer progression and immune evasion","volume":"20","author":"Lian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac268","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of Beta2-microglobulin mutations in MSI-H\/dMMR Cancers","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0863","article-title":"The vigorous immune microenvironment of microsatellite instable colon cancer is balanced by multiple counter-inhibitory checkpoints","volume":"5","author":"Llosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30274-8","article-title":"Epacadostat plus pembrolizumab versus placebo plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma (ECHO-301\/KEYNOTE-252): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind study","volume":"20","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914815","article-title":"Role of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz116","article-title":"ESMO recommendations on microsatellite instability testing for immunotherapy in cancer, and its relationship with PD-1\/PD-L1 expression and tumour mutational burden: a systematic review-based approach","volume":"30","author":"Luchini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0217-9","article-title":"LAG-3 inhibits the activation of CD4(+) T cells that recognize stable pMHCII through its conformation-dependent recognition of pMHCII","volume":"19","author":"Maruhashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12185","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad934","article-title":"Elevated MSH2 MSH3 expression interferes with DNA metabolism in vivo","volume":"51","author":"Medina-Rivera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1746138","article-title":"Prognostic value of CD73 expression in resected colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.9.1363","article-title":"Inhibition of T cell proliferation by macrophage tryptophan catabolism","volume":"189","author":"Munn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyag145","article-title":"Mucinous histology and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in patients with microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"31","author":"Nasca","year":"2026","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22450-3","article-title":"Interleukin-11-expressing fibroblasts have a unique gene signature correlated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Nishina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i12.1767","article-title":"Microsatellite instability and MLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Niv","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30422-9","article-title":"Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study","volume":"18","author":"Overman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061530","article-title":"The Contrasting Delayed Effects of Transient Exposure of Colorectal Cancer Cells to Decitabine or Azacitidine","volume":"14","author":"Pawlak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.08.058","article-title":"Lynch Syndrome Genetics and Clinical Implications","volume":"164","author":"Peltom\u00e4ki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1408-0","article-title":"Aberrant protein expression and frequent allelic loss of MSH3 in colorectal cancer with low-level microsatellite instability","volume":"27","author":"Plaschke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217686","article-title":"Colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis is promoted by tissue-specific fibroblasts that can arise in response to various local disorders","author":"Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2026.44.2_suppl.14","volume":"44","author":"Rocha Lima","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0465","article-title":"Arginase I production in the tumor microenvironment by mature myeloid cells inhibits T-cell receptor expression and antigen-specific T-cell responses","volume":"64","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2026.107694","article-title":"Impact of treatment discontinuation among patients with microsatellite instability or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Ros","year":"2026","journal-title":"ESMO Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.08.1375","article-title":"802P Nous-209 immunotherapy with pembrolizumab for microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer, refractory to anti-PD-1: Phase II trial results","volume":"36","author":"Ros Montana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","article-title":"Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors","volume":"359","author":"Routy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.0400","article-title":"Association Between Survival and Metastatic Site in Mismatch Repair-Deficient Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated With First-line Pembrolizumab","volume":"6","author":"Saberzadeh-Ardestani","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02796-3","article-title":"COLUMBIA-1: a randomised study of durvalumab plus oleclumab in combination with chemotherapy and bevacizumab in metastatic microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer","volume":"131","author":"Segal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33285-x","article-title":"USP14 promotes tryptophan metabolism and immune suppression by stabilizing IDO1 in colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112037","article-title":"The dawn of a new Era: mRNA vaccines in colorectal cancer immunotherapy","volume":"132","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325808","article-title":"Blockade of interleukin 10 potentiates antitumour immune function in human colorectal cancer liver metastases","volume":"72","author":"Sullivan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010424","article-title":"Early treatment discontinuation in patients with deficient mismatch repair or microsatellite instability high metastatic colorectal cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Taieb","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.07.020","article-title":"Deficient mismatch repair\/microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer: Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment","volume":"175","author":"Taieb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0175-7","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in cancer immunosuppression - implications for anticancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Togashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.25289","article-title":"Is EXO1 a colon cancer predisposition gene?","volume":"120","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04166-w","article-title":"TCF4 enhances hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer by regulating tumor-associated macrophage via CCL2\/CCR2 signaling","volume":"12","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1029069","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Vishweshwaraiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.010","article-title":"Fibrinogen-like Protein 1 Is a Major Immune Inhibitory Ligand of LAG-3","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43079-4","article-title":"Sphingomyelin-derived nanovesicles for the delivery of the IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat enhance metastatic and post-surgical melanoma immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00943-6","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for dMMR and pMMR colorectal cancers: therapeutic strategies and putative biomarkers of response","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202050827","article-title":"OMA1 reprograms metabolism under hypoxia to promote colorectal cancer development","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib71","article-title":"The role of ferroptosis in colorectal cancer and its potential synergy with immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib72","first-page":"32","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of Elective Early Discontinuation of Immunotherapy Based on Objective Response in Microsatellite Instability-High Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3690561","article-title":"PIPKI\u03b3 Regulates CCL2 Expression in Colorectal Cancer by Activating AKT-STAT3 Signaling","volume":"2019","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00446-6","article-title":"Galunisertib plus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: a single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"23","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04657-3","article-title":"Werner helicase inhibitor for advanced microsatellite instability solid tumors: a phase 1 trial","author":"Yap","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS3170","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2026.44.16_suppl.TPS3170","article-title":"Phase 1\/2 study of the novel Werner helicase inhibitor EIK1005 as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors, including MSI-H or dMMR tumors","volume":"44","author":"Yap","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-019-03454-4","article-title":"Colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome associated with PMS2 and MSH6 mutations","volume":"35","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107101","article-title":"Roles of TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway in tumor microenvirionment and cancer therapy","volume":"89","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2019-0184","article-title":"Shared neoantigens: ideal targets for off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01495-y","article-title":"circPTEN1, a circular RNA generated from PTEN, suppresses cancer progression through inhibition of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib81","article-title":"Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockades: The Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Strategies","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.70057","article-title":"Epacadostat Overcomes Cetuximab Resistance in Colorectal Cancer by Targeting IDO-Mediated Tryptophan Metabolism","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."}],"container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842826005445?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842826005445?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:30:45Z","timestamp":1792618245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1040842826005445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S1040842826005445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8428","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The evolution of immunotherapy resistance in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer: A spatiotemporal perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105657","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105657"}}