{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:09:28Z","timestamp":1790392168065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":250,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,11]],"date-time":"2021-09-11T02:02:08Z","timestamp":1631325728000},"page":"100055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Teriflunomide: A possible effective drug for the comprehensive treatment of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3681-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amgad M.","family":"Rabie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W530","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab294","article-title":"PLIP 2021: expanding the scope of the protein\u2013ligand interaction profiler to DNA and RNA","volume":"49","author":"Adasme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0212-x","article-title":"Teriflunomide and Its Mechanism of Action in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Bar-Or","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.027482","article-title":"Investigation of the Influence of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 Genetic Polymorphism on 2-Cyano-3-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-butenamide (A77 1726) Pharmacokinetics in Leflunomide-Treated Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Bohanec Grabar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.11.841","article-title":"Leflunomide: mode of action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"59","author":"Breedveld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.03.007","article-title":"Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study","volume":"6","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01421-w","article-title":"Immune Therapy, or Antiviral Therapy, or Both for COVID-19: A Systematic Review","volume":"80","author":"Cantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102734","article-title":"COVID-19 in teriflunomide-treated patients with multiple sclerosis: A case report and literature review","volume":"48","author":"Capone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577323","article-title":"The peripheral blood immune cell profile in a teriflunomide-treated multiple sclerosis patient with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"346","author":"Ciardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.02.011","article-title":"Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in MS \u2014 Teriflunomide","volume":"142","author":"Claussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib10","unstructured":"COVID-19 Docking Server, accessed in August 20-28th, 2021. http:\/\/ncov.schanglab.org.cn."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00489","article-title":"Remdesivir: A Review of Its Discovery and Development Leading to Emergency Use Authorization for Treatment of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Eastman","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009","article-title":"The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health \u2014 The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China","volume":"91","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05773-w","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of outpatients with mildly symptomatic COVID-19: a multi-center observational study","volume":"21","author":"Ip","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1723441","article-title":"An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10280-3","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV nsp12 polymerase bound to nsp7 and nsp8 co-factors","volume":"10","author":"Kirchdoerfer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.02.002","article-title":"The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103049","article-title":"COVID-19 in Argentine teriflunomide-treated multiple sclerosis patients: First national case series","volume":"53","author":"Luetic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109305","article-title":"Antiviral effects of selected IMPDH and DHODH inhibitors against foot and mouth disease virus","volume":"118","author":"Mei-Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121999201202110303","article-title":"Remdesivir (GS-5734) in COVID-19 Therapy: The Fourth Chance","volume":"22","author":"Moirangthem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1131-x","article-title":"The active metabolite of leflunomide, A77 1726, attenuates inflammatory arthritis in mice with spontaneous arthritis via induction of heme oxygenase-1","volume":"15","author":"Moon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib21","unstructured":"Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler (PLIP), accessed in August 24-29th, 2021. https:\/\/projects.biotec.tu-dresden.de\/plip-web."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-021-01640-9","article-title":"Discovery of (E)-N-(4-cyanobenzylidene)-6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide (cyanorona-20): the first potent and specific anti-COVID-19 drug","volume":"75","author":"Rabie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107831","article-title":"Cyanorona-20: The first potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent","volume":"98","author":"Rabie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ03708G","article-title":"Two antioxidant 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (CoViTris2020 and ChloViD2020): successful repurposing against COVID-19 as the first potent multitarget anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs","volume":"45","author":"Rabie","year":"2021","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-020-10169-0","article-title":"CoViTris2020 and ChloViD2020: a striking new hope in COVID-19 therapy","volume":"25","author":"Rabie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109480","article-title":"Potent toxic effects of Taroxaz-104 on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 particles","volume":"343","author":"Rabie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.131106","article-title":"Discovery of Taroxaz-104: The first potent antidote of SARS-CoV-2 VOC-202012\/01 strain","volume":"1246","author":"Rabie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mol. Struct."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241060-00003","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Leflunomide","volume":"41","author":"Rozman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.10.52","article-title":"Leflunomide: a drug with a potential beyond rheumatology","volume":"2","author":"Teschner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.02.008","article-title":"Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00768-w","article-title":"Novel and potent inhibitors targeting DHODH are broad-spectrum antivirals against RNA viruses including newly-emerged coronavirus SARS-CoV-2","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.0c00316","article-title":"Advantages of the Parent Nucleoside GS-441524 over Remdesivir for Covid-19 Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"6498","key":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1560","article-title":"Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir","volume":"368","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590257121000420?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590257121000420?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T04:54:45Z","timestamp":1762923285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590257121000420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S2590257121000420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-2571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-2571","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Teriflunomide: A possible effective drug for the comprehensive treatment of COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100055","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100055"}}