{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:08:30Z","timestamp":1774379310911,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":69,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011310","name":"Scottish Government Rural and Environment Research and Analysis Directorate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011310","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T22:09:05Z","timestamp":1616105345000},"page":"100019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Wild deer in the United Kingdom are a potential reservoir for the livestock parasite Babesia divergens"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8803-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Capewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1164-8000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Zadoks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Taggart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Katzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Shiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8648-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33144-8","article-title":"The occurrence of antibody to Babesia and to the virus of louping-ill in deer in Scotland","volume":"23","author":"Adam","year":"1977","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1978.11719342","article-title":"A\u00a0serological survey for Babesia in cattle in Scotland. II. The occurrence of antibody in the population and the distribution of infected herds","volume":"72","author":"Adam","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0011.1","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Babesia odocoilei in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and recognition of three novel host species","volume":"40","author":"Bartlett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Zoo Wildlife Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001545","article-title":"Transstadial and transovarial persistence of Babesia divergens DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks fed on infected blood in a new skin-feeding technique","volume":"134","author":"Bonnet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7118","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00625-08","article-title":"Relative importance of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes trianguliceps as vectors for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti in field vole (Microtus agrestis) populations","volume":"74","author":"Bown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548606","article-title":"Clinical and serological response after experimental inoculation with Babesia divergens of newborn calves with and without maternal antibodies","volume":"28","author":"Christensson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00078-5","article-title":"Molecular studies on Babesia, Theileria and Hepatozoon in southern Europe","volume":"113","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.011","article-title":"Surveillance of British ticks: An overview of species records, host associations, and new records of Ixodes ricinus distribution","volume":"9","author":"Cull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.03.002","article-title":"Tick (Ixodes ricinus) abundance and seasonality at recreational sites in the UK: Hazards in relation to fine-scale habitat types revealed by complementary sampling methods","volume":"2","author":"Dobson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-394R","article-title":"Molecular characterization of human pathogen Babesia EU1 in Ixodes ricinus ticks from Slovenia","volume":"91","author":"Duh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(79)91219-2","article-title":"Babesiosis in man: Report of a case from Scotland with observations on the infecting strain","volume":"1","author":"Entrican","year":"1979","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6188.474","article-title":"Babesiosis in man: A case from Scotland","volume":"2","author":"Entrican","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00488-5","article-title":"Detection of haemoparasites in cattle by reverse line blot hybridisation with a note on the distribution of ticks in Sicily","volume":"99","author":"Georges","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.455","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of Babesia divergens among cottontail rabbits on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts","volume":"69","author":"Goethert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2004.131409","article-title":"Severe babesiosis in immunocompetent man, Spain, 2011","volume":"20","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.190459","article-title":"Sheep as host species for zoonotic Babesia venatorum, United Kingdom","volume":"25","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib17","first-page":"9","article-title":"An estimation of the prevalence and economic importance of clinical bovine babesiosis in the Republic of Ireland","author":"Gray","year":"1985","journal-title":"Irish Vet. News, October"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2009.11.003","article-title":"Zoonotic babesiosis: Overview of the disease and novel aspects of pathogen identity","volume":"1","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-30.3.460","article-title":"Culture isolation and partial characterization of a Babesia sp. from a North American elk (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"30","author":"Holman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3057-4","article-title":"The importance of wildlife in the ecology and epidemiology of the TBE virus in Sweden: Incidence of human TBE correlates with abundance of deer and hares","volume":"11","author":"Jaenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.12968\/live.2019.24.1.18","article-title":"Babesiosis in the UK and approach to treatment","volume":"24","author":"Jerram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Livestock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00137-5","article-title":"Human babesiosis: An emerging tick-borne disease","volume":"30","author":"Kjemtrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0737-x","article-title":"Naturally acquired babesiosis in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) herd in Great Britain","volume":"89","author":"Langton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/241476a0","article-title":"Antibody to Babesia in Scottish red deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"241","author":"Latif","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1955","article-title":"Guidelines for the detection of Babesia and Theileria parasites","volume":"17","author":"Lempereur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonot. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-65","article-title":"Babesia spp. in European wild ruminant species: Parasite diversity and risk factors for infection","volume":"45","author":"Michel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-21.2.149","article-title":"Babesia odocoilei Emerson and Wright, 1970 in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), in Virginia","volume":"21","author":"Perry","year":"1985","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib28","series-title":"Ecology and control of vector-borne diseases","first-page":"175","article-title":"7. Prevention and control of tick-borne anaplasmosis, cowdriosis and babesiosis in the cattle industry","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.5-6.537","article-title":"Role of deer in the epizootiology of Babesia microti in Massachusetts, USA","volume":"15","author":"Piesman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg180","article-title":"MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models","volume":"19","author":"Ronquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.4.683","article-title":"New ruminant hosts and wider geographic range identified for Babesia odocoilei (Emerson & Wright, 1970)","volume":"41","author":"Schoelkopf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.bi0313s48","article-title":"Clustal Omega","volume":"48","author":"Sievers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Protocols Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib33","series-title":"Headhunting: The distribution of wild deer in Britain","author":"Walker","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.010","article-title":"Comparison of a quantitative PCR assay with peripheral blood smear examination for detection and quantitation of Babesia microti infection in humans","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn. Micr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-70","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in wildlife: Babesia and Theileria affecting free-ranging ungulates and carnivores in the Italian Alps","volume":"7","author":"Zanet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-7","article-title":"Babesias of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Ireland","volume":"42","author":"Zintl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00748.x","article-title":"Possible mechanisms underlying age-related resistance to bovine babesiosis","volume":"27","author":"Zintl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-67-19","article-title":"Changing incidence of bovine babesiosis in Ireland","volume":"67","author":"Zintl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Irish Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.622-636.2003","article-title":"Babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance","volume":"16","author":"Zintl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667114X21000133?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667114X21000133?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:24:58Z","timestamp":1763025898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667114X21000133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2667114X21000133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-114X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-114X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Wild deer in the United Kingdom are a potential reservoir for the livestock parasite Babesia divergens","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100019"}}