{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T03:06:57Z","timestamp":1781060817136,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":284,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000741","name":"University of Warwick","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000836","name":"University of Liverpool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Research in Parasitology &amp; Vector-Borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T13:29:34Z","timestamp":1697635774000},"page":"100151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Application of a new multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) scheme for the seasonal investigation of Cryptosporidium parvum cases in Wales and the northwest of England, spring 2022"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1317-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriet","family":"Risby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6259-230X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nastassya","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5946-2889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Vivancos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1113-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noel","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9309-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2011.02993.x","article-title":"AMaCAID: A useful tool for accurate marker choice for accession identification and discrimination","volume":"11","author":"Caroli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04764.x","article-title":"Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in the UK - challenges for control","volume":"109","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3354-6","article-title":"Analysis of the Cryptosporidium spp. and gp60 subtypes linked to human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2009 to 2017","volume":"12","author":"Chalmers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001766","article-title":"Suitability of loci for multiple-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum for inter-laboratory surveillance and outbreak investigations","volume":"144","author":"Chalmers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70772-8","article-title":"A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for Cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"Checkley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b4168","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4168","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"339","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab417","article-title":"TIDE analysis of Cryptosporidium infections by gp60 typing reveals obscured mixed infections","volume":"225","author":"Dettwiler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib8","first-page":"5495","article-title":"Public health risks associated with food\u2010borne parasites","volume":"16","author":"Koutsoumanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.009","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of Cryptosporidium","volume":"34","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268822001613","article-title":"An outbreak of Cryptosporidium parvum linked to pasteurised milk from a vending machine in England: A descriptive study, March 2021","volume":"150","author":"Gopfert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.03.002","article-title":"Cryptosporidium within-host genetic diversity: Systematic bibliographical search and narrative overview","volume":"46","author":"Grinberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad044","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic features of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrheal disease among young children living in sub-Saharan Africa: The vaccine impact on diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study","volume":"76","author":"Hossain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.11.2465-2466.1988","article-title":"Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson\u02bcs index of diversity","volume":"26","author":"Hunter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030582","article-title":"Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping","volume":"10","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.145-154.2002","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients","volume":"15","author":"Hunter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S324745","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile ribotype 027 (RT027) outbreak investigation due to the emergence of rifampicin resistance using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA)","volume":"17","author":"Kaba\u0142a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.10.2928-2936.2000","article-title":"Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within Bacillus anthracis","volume":"182","author":"Keim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30541-8","article-title":"Diarrhoeal disease and subsequent risk of death in infants and children residing in low-income and middle-income countries: Analysis of the GEMS case-control study and 12-month GEMS-1A follow-on study","volume":"8","author":"Levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-84","article-title":"Multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis for outbreak studies of Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis","volume":"8","author":"Malorny","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00360","article-title":"Direct sequencing of Cryptosporidium in stool samples for public health","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.35.20565","article-title":"Development and application of MLVA methods as a tool for inter-laboratory surveillance","volume":"18","author":"Nadon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.08.003","article-title":"Discovery of new variable number tandem repeat loci in multiple Cryptosporidium parvum genomes for the surveillance and investigation of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"169","author":"P\u00e9rez-Cord\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.06.016","article-title":"Assessment of polymorphic genetic markers for multi-locus typing of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"132","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9748-0_2","article-title":"Cryptosporidium diagnostic assays: Molecular detection","volume":"2052","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2022.e00151","article-title":"Validation of a multilocus genotyping scheme for subtyping Cryptosporidium parvum for epidemiological purposes","volume":"27","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.08.007","article-title":"Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia - a 50 year perspective (1971\u20132021)","volume":"51","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004729","article-title":"The burden of Cryptosporidium diarrheal disease among children < 24 months of age in moderate\/high mortality regions of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, utilizing data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)","volume":"10","author":"Sow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4117-4134.2000","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15-and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products","volume":"68","author":"Strong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000773","article-title":"Evaluating sub-typing methods for pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica to support outbreak investigations in New Zealand","volume":"147","author":"Strydom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6639","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01268-10","article-title":"Comparison of single-and multilocus genetic diversity in the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis","volume":"76","author":"Widmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084055","article-title":"MLVA as a tool for public health surveillance of human Salmonella typhimurium: Prospective study in Belgium and evaluation of MLVA loci stability","volume":"8","author":"Wuyts","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Current Research in Parasitology &amp; Vector-Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667114X23000390?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667114X23000390?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:21:59Z","timestamp":1763025719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667114X23000390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S2667114X23000390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-114X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-114X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Application of a new multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) scheme for the seasonal investigation of Cryptosporidium parvum cases in Wales and the northwest of England, spring 2022","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100151","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100151"}}