{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:57:41Z","timestamp":1781654261518,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":152,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:26:57Z","timestamp":1780504017000},"page":"100396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["More than malaria: Exploring Babesia, Leishmania and Trypanosoma in sickle cell disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanakya R.","family":"Bhosale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary L.","family":"Morcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavee","family":"Neupane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaneh","family":"Kahook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genessiss","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Deehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randal K.","family":"Gregg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4187-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna K.","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12056","article-title":"Systematic review of current and emerging strategies for reducing morbidity from malaria in sickle cell disease","volume":"18","author":"Aneni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009224","article-title":"Variation in Leishmania chemokine suppression driven by diversification of the GP63 virulence factor","volume":"15","author":"Antonia","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7350","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804388115","article-title":"Resistance to Plasmodium falciparum in sickle cell trait erythrocytes is driven by oxygen-dependent growth inhibition","volume":"115","author":"Archer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw670","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)","volume":"63","author":"Aronson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24438","article-title":"Alteration of lymphocyte phenotype and function in sickle cell anemia: implications for vaccine responses","volume":"91","author":"Balandya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-04-495887","article-title":"Heme triggers TLR4 signaling leading to endothelial cell activation and vaso-occlusion in murine sickle cell disease","volume":"123","author":"Belcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022008159","article-title":"Elucidating parasite and host-cell factors enabling Babesia infection in sickle red cells under hypoxic\/hyperoxic conditions","volume":"7","author":"Beri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15619","article-title":"Prevalence of serologic markers of transfusion and sexually transmitted infections and their correlation with clinical features in a large cohort of Brazilian patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"60","author":"Blatyta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70230-5","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in African and American trypanosomiasis","volume":"8","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003986","article-title":"First documented transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection through blood transfusion in a child with sickle-cell disease in Belgium","volume":"9","author":"Blumental","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.004","article-title":"Chronic Chagas heart disease management: from etiology to cardiomyopathy treatment","volume":"70","author":"Bocchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib14","first-page":"277","article-title":"Neglected parasitic infections: what family physicians need to know - a CDC update","volume":"104","author":"Cantey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9102","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks700","article-title":"Sequencing of the smallest apicomplexan genome from the human pathogen Babesia microti","volume":"40","author":"Cornillot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17244","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis in a patient with sickle cell disease undergoing chronic red cell exchange","volume":"63","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13164","article-title":"International survey of strategies to mitigate transfusion-transmitted Trypanosoma cruzi in non-endemic countries, 2016\u20132018","volume":"117","author":"Crowder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.214304","article-title":"Altered parasite life-cycle processes characterize Babesia divergens infection in human sickle cell anemia","volume":"104","author":"Cursino-Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0869","article-title":"Chagas disease: parasitemia identified via serial hemoculture in blood donor candidates infected with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"113","author":"de Castro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-5","article-title":"Prevalence of transfusion-transmitted Chagas disease among multitransfused patients in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"De Paula","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01787-7","article-title":"Chagas disease","volume":"403","author":"de Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28139-5","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and hematological profiles of visceral leishmaniasis among patients visiting Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: a 4-year retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Debash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.09.007","article-title":"Babesia divergens glycosylphosphatidylinositols modulate blood coagulation and induce Th2-biased cytokine profiles in antigen presenting cells","volume":"167","author":"Debierre-Grockiego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib24","first-page":"187","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis with secondary hemophagocytosis in a sickle cell anemia patient","volume":"5","author":"Dhayhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107968","article-title":"Complement receptor 3 mediates ruffle-like, actin-rich aggregates during phagocytosis of Leishmania infantum metacyclics","volume":"220","author":"Dixit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.685239","article-title":"Lessons learned for pathogenesis, immunology, and disease of erythrocytic parasites: Plasmodium and Babesia","volume":"11","author":"Djokic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01268-22","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted Babesia spp.: a changing landscape of epidemiology, regulation, and risk mitigation","volume":"61","author":"Drews","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.16783.1","article-title":"The release of host-derived antibodies bound to the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of Trypanosoma brucei cannot be explained by pH-dependent conformational changes of the VSG dimer","volume":"4","author":"Eirich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Res. Europe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00067-12","article-title":"Transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic protozoal diseases of companion animals","volume":"26","author":"Esch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00191-5","article-title":"Sickle cell disease in sub-Saharan Africa: transferable strategies for prevention and care","volume":"8","author":"Esoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.05.007","article-title":"Parasite-resistant variants in African genomes: implications for global genetic medicine","volume":"41","author":"Esoh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48324-w","article-title":"Lactate dehydrogenase and hemolysis index to predict vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell disease","volume":"13","author":"Feugray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111","article-title":"The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: monitoring progress towards the 2021\u20132030 WHO road map targets","volume":"18","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021119-034345","article-title":"APOL1 and kidney disease: from genetics to biology","volume":"82","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3556-0","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of antimalarial therapy in sickle cell disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Frimpong","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0683","article-title":"Possible links between sickle cell crisis and pentavalent antimony","volume":"86","author":"Garcerant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006602","article-title":"Scientometrics analysis of research activity and collaboration patterns in Chagas cardiomyopathy","volume":"12","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Alcaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407679-2.00005-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune evasion in leishmaniasis","volume":"82","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz217","article-title":"Cardiovascular manifestations of sickle cell disease","volume":"41","author":"Hammoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000001038","article-title":"Babesiosis in immunosuppressed hosts: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management","volume":"37","author":"Heller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071493","article-title":"Understanding immune responses to viruses - do underlying Th1\/Th2 cell biases predict outcome?","volume":"14","author":"Howard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib42","article-title":"Frequency and geographic distribution of Borrelia miyamotoi, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Babesia microti infections in New England residents","volume":"23","author":"Johnston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26734","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis leading to severe hemolysis in two patients with sickle cell anemia","volume":"65","author":"Karkoska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2021.1989185","article-title":"Global meta-analysis on Babesia infections in human population: prevalence, distribution and species diversity","volume":"116","author":"Karshima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89741","article-title":"Intravascular hemolysis and the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease","volume":"127","author":"Kato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib46","first-page":"801","article-title":"Pathogen-imposed skewing of mouse chemokine and cytokine expression at the infected tissue site","volume":"118","author":"Katzman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.10233","article-title":"Sickle cell disease: a review","volume":"328","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14842","article-title":"Roles of APOL1 G1 and G2 variants in sickle cell disease patients: kidney is the main target","volume":"179","author":"Kormann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1216","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2020 guideline on diagnosis and management of babesiosis","volume":"72","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111447","article-title":"The global emergence of human babesiosis","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14246","article-title":"Cases of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis occurring in nonendemic areas: a diagnostic dilemma","volume":"57","author":"LeBel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00107-2","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"405","author":"Lejon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70098-0","article-title":"Chagas disease: changes in knowledge and management","volume":"10","author":"Lescure","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib54","article-title":"Inflammation and autoimmunity are interrelated in patients with sickle cell disease at a steady-state condition: implications for vaso-occlusive crisis, pain, and sensory sensitivity","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4460","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103072","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 promotes the persistence of Leishmania chagasi infection","volume":"188","author":"Luz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv098","article-title":"Novel insights into the protective role of hemoglobin S and C against Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia","volume":"212","author":"Mangano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib57","series-title":"Sickle Cell Anemia","author":"Mangla","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0146","article-title":"Risk factors for severe infection, hospitalization, and prolonged antimicrobial therapy in patients with babesiosis","volume":"97","author":"Mareedu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e910","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00016-6","article-title":"Fexinidazole as a new oral treatment for human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: a prospective, open-label, single-arm, phase 2-3, non-randomised study","volume":"13","author":"Matovu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib60","first-page":"36","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: epidemiology and global burden","volume":"2","author":"Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ004","article-title":"Miltefosine for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis: drug characteristics and evidence-based treatment recommendations","volume":"60","author":"Monge-Maillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600897","article-title":"Screening for Babesia microti in the U.S. blood supply","volume":"375","author":"Moritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.11.007","article-title":"The association of infection and clinical severity in sickle cell anaemia patients","volume":"105","author":"Neto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.227728","article-title":"A role for hepcidin in the anemia caused by Trypanosoma brucei infection","volume":"106","author":"Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib65","series-title":"Fixing the Sickle Cell Disease Gene","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715971","article-title":"A phase 3 trial of l-glutamine in sickle cell disease","volume":"379","author":"Niihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000599","article-title":"Chagas cardiomyopathy: an update of current clinical knowledge and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"138","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.046","article-title":"Chagas disease: an overview of clinical and epidemiological aspects","volume":"62","author":"Nunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00038","article-title":"Life-threatening infectious complications in sickle cell disease: a concise narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Ochocinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023023031","article-title":"Rates of strokes in Californians with sickle cell disease in the post-STOP era","volume":"144","author":"Oluwole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106908","article-title":"Evasion of the complement system by Leishmania through the uptake of C4bBP, a complement regulatory protein, and probably by the action of GP63 on C4b molecules deposited on parasite surface","volume":"242","author":"Pereira-Filho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00959-w","article-title":"Variant surface glycoprotein density defines an immune evasion threshold for African trypanosomes undergoing antigenic variation","volume":"8","author":"Pinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2000076","article-title":"Acute IL-4 governs pathogenic T cell responses during Leishmania major infection","volume":"4","author":"Poudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"ImmunoHorizons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01368","article-title":"Babesiosis and the human immune system","volume":"27","author":"Rabah","year":"2022","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800958","article-title":"Leishmania donovani exploits macrophage heme oxygenase-1 to neutralize oxidative burst and TLR signaling-dependent host defense","volume":"202","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2884","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: a review","volume":"315","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009944","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis induced by Leishmania infantum infection","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib78","first-page":"180","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a child with sickle cell disease","volume":"6","author":"Shoman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol. Transfus. Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1178633617732296","article-title":"Climate change contribution to the emergence or re-emergence of parasitic diseases","volume":"10","author":"Short","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (Auckl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087082","article-title":"Plasma cytokine expression is associated with cardiac morbidity in Chagas disease","volume":"9","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16617","article-title":"Detection of Babesia RNA and DNA in whole blood samples from US blood donations","volume":"61","author":"Stanley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16950","article-title":"Mitigating the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections with vector-borne agents solely by means of pathogen reduction","volume":"62","author":"Stramer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis474","article-title":"Efficacy of miltefosine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in India after a decade of use","volume":"55","author":"Sundar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7211a1","article-title":"Trends in reported babesiosis cases - united States, 2011\u20132019","volume":"72","author":"Swanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.07.002","article-title":"Evidence for transmission of the zoonotic apicomplexan parasite Babesia duncani by the tick Dermacentor albipictus","volume":"49","author":"Swei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1630994","article-title":"Sickle cell disease: understanding pathophysiology, clinical features and advances in gene therapy approaches","volume":"16","author":"Taher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16718","article-title":"Babesia blood testing: the first-year experience","volume":"62","author":"Tonnetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15043","article-title":"The impact of Babesia microti blood donation screening","volume":"59","author":"Tonnetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.008","article-title":"Babesiosis","volume":"29","author":"Vannier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"366","author":"Vannier","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00063","article-title":"Leishmania donovani inhibitor of serine peptidases 2 mediated inhibition of lectin pathway and upregulation of C5aR signaling promote parasite survival inside host","volume":"9","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2017-0250-RS","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis","volume":"143","author":"Villatoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090844","article-title":"Global epidemiology of vector-borne parasitic diseases: burden, trends, disparities, and forecasts (1990\u20132036)","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612165","article-title":"Post-babesiosis warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia","volume":"376","author":"Woolley","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39925","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405635200","article-title":"Dual action of antimonial drugs on thiol redox metabolism in the human pathogen Leishmania donovani","volume":"279","author":"Wyllie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018026468","article-title":"Robust adaptive immune response against Babesia microti infection marked by low parasitemia in a murine model of sickle cell disease","volume":"2","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226781","article-title":"Zoonotic Babesia: a scoping review of the global evidence","volume":"14","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667114X2600052X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667114X2600052X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:49:34Z","timestamp":1781653774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667114X2600052X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["S2667114X2600052X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-114X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-114X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"More than malaria: Exploring Babesia, Leishmania and Trypanosoma in sickle cell disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100396","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100396"}}