{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T10:30:08Z","timestamp":1793874608503,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":198,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:44:27Z","timestamp":1784389467000},"page":"100414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multiplex PCR for the differentiation of Simulium asakoae and molecular detection of pathogens in the S. asakoae species group in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5716-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kittipat","family":"Aupalee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wichai","family":"Srisuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Takaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rutchanee","family":"Rodpai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4344-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan Olivia","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Charoenvilaisiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jassada","family":"Saingamsook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5645-6474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanchon","family":"Pusawang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atiporn","family":"Saeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib1","author":"Adler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib2","series-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","first-page":"237","article-title":"Black flies (Simuliidae)","author":"Adler","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060512","article-title":"Seasonal filarial infections and their black fly vectors in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Aupalee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06597-8","article-title":"Reliability of wing morphometrics for species identification of human-biting black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Aupalee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaf049","article-title":"Changes in cytoforms of Simulium damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) and onchocerciasis transmission zones in northern Cameroon with possible implications for onchocerciasis transmission elimination","volume":"62","author":"Ayisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1993683139","article-title":"Onchocerca ramachandrini n. sp. from the warthog in Cameroon","volume":"68","author":"Bain","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02403-07","article-title":"Quantification of the detrimental effect of a single primer-template mismatch by real-time PCR using the 16S rRNA gene as an example","volume":"74","author":"Bru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib8","first-page":"65","article-title":"A survey on blood parasites of birds in Chiang Mai Province","volume":"17","author":"Buranapim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Integr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105105","article-title":"First report of the prevalence and genotype of Trypanosoma spp. in bats in Yunnan Province, southwestern China","volume":"198","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090761","article-title":"Zoonotic implications of Onchocerca species on human health","volume":"9","author":"Cambra-Pellej\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000007149","article-title":"A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts","volume":"122","author":"Casiraghi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.2.1.14","article-title":"Mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA): application to the c-H-ras gene","volume":"2","author":"Cha","year":"1992","journal-title":"PCR Methods Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib13","article-title":"Development of multiplex PCR assay for species-specific detection and identification of Saprolegnia parasitica","volume":"35","author":"Chanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.56.335","article-title":"Seasonal abundance and daily flying activity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) attracted to human baits in Doi Inthanon National Park, northern Thailand","volume":"56","author":"Choochote","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(98)00131-7","article-title":"Comparison of methods for estimation of individual-level prevalence based on pooled samples","volume":"39","author":"Cowling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3390\/d15060699","article-title":"Development of conventional multiplex PCR assays for the identification of 21 West Palaearctic biting midge taxa (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) belonging to the Culicoides subgenus Culicoides, including recently discovered species and genetic variants","volume":"15","author":"D\u00e4hn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15030323","volume":"15","author":"D\u00e4hn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011815","article-title":"Optimized strategy for real-time qPCR detection of Onchocerca volvulus DNA in pooled Simulium sp. blackfly vectors","volume":"17","author":"Doherty","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3.4.S65","article-title":"Multiplex PCR: advantages, development, and applications","volume":"3","author":"Edwards","year":"1994","journal-title":"PCR Methods Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib21","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040557","article-title":"Effective methods of estimation of pathogen prevalence in pooled ticks","volume":"12","author":"Fracasso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh1973.31.99","article-title":"Natural infections with filarial larvae in two species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in northern Thailand","volume":"31","author":"Fukuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010171033","article-title":"Genetic evidence for the presence of two species of Onchocerca from the wild boar in Japan","volume":"17","author":"Fukuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236849","article-title":"Sample pooling methods for efficient pathogen screening: practical implications","volume":"15","author":"Furstenau","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib26","first-page":"245","article-title":"Direct multiplex PCR (dmPCR) for the identification of six phlebotomine sand fly species (Diptera: Psychodidae), including major Leishmania vectors of the Mediterranean","volume":"110","author":"Giantsis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15010074","article-title":"Diversity, distribution and host blood meal analysis of adult black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Gomontean","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.222","article-title":"Entomological evaluation by pool screen polymerase chain reaction of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in Ecuador following mass Mectizan distribution","volume":"68","author":"Guevara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-184R1","article-title":"A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood","volume":"90","author":"Hellgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.009","article-title":"The blackfly vectors and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in Mahenge, southeastern Tanzania","volume":"181","author":"Hendy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05971-2","article-title":"Genetic analysis challenges the presence of Ixodes inopinatus in Central Europe: development of a multiplex PCR to distinguish I. inopinatus from I. ricinus","volume":"16","author":"Hrazdilova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106140","article-title":"Diversity of nematodes infecting the human-biting black fly species, Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in central Thailand","volume":"224","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008152121","article-title":"Seasonal and diurnal biting activities and zoonotic filarial infections of two Simulium species (Diptera: Simuliidae) in northern Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Ishii","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.41.3.003","article-title":"First blood-meal record of Simulium asakoae (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Malaysia, with notes on its distribution in Asia and status as a potential vector","volume":"41","author":"Izwan-Anas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6560-x","article-title":"A multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of major tospovirus vectors reported in India","volume":"21","author":"Jangra","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2012.00636.x","article-title":"New species of insect trypanosomatids from Costa Rica and the proposal for a new subfamily within the Trypanosomatidae","volume":"59","author":"Jirk\u016f","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2022.107848","article-title":"Squash bees host high diversity and prevalence of parasites in the northeastern United States","volume":"195","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.024","article-title":"Molecular detection of Leucocytozoon (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida) in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand","volume":"190","author":"Jumpato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06567-0","article-title":"Diversity and prevalence of Leucocytozoon in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Jumpato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0211","article-title":"One-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of major disease-transmitting mosquito vectors in India","volume":"112","author":"Karan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","article-title":"Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data","volume":"28","author":"Kearse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41890-z","article-title":"First report of filarial nematodes in the genus Onchocerca infecting black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Iran","volume":"13","author":"Khanzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96241-7","article-title":"Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Leucocytozoon sabrazesi in chickens in Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Khumpim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2024.10.006","article-title":"A footworm in the door: revising Onchocerca phylogeny with previously unknown cryptic species in wild North American ungulates","volume":"55","author":"Kulpa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263","article-title":"MEGA12: Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis version 12 for adaptive and green computing","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/339237a0","article-title":"Avoiding false positives with PCR","volume":"339","author":"Kwok","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa081","article-title":"DNA barcoding of Simulium asakoae (Diptera: Simuliidae) from northern Thailand","volume":"57","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12120","article-title":"A multi-locus approach resolves the phylogenetic relationships of the Simulium asakoae and Simulium ceylonicum species groups in Malaysia: evidence for distinct evolutionary lineages","volume":"29","author":"Low","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.2058","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction: a practical approach","volume":"16","author":"Markoulatos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16101053","article-title":"Diversity, distribution, and host blood meals of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Laos","volume":"16","author":"Namtaku","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.7.2503","article-title":"Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)","volume":"17","author":"Newton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00167-2","article-title":"A nested PCR for the ssrRNA gene detects Trypanosoma binneyi in the platypus and Trypanosoma sp. in wombats and kangaroos in Australia","volume":"29","author":"Noyes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102643","article-title":"Zoonotic infection caused by Onchocerca japonica (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in a 69-year-old woman in Kanto Region, Eastern Honshu, Japan","volume":"91","author":"Okazaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2144\/96211bm03","article-title":"Improved PCR amplification of multiple specific alleles (PAMSA) using internally mismatched primers","volume":"21","author":"Okimoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105383","article-title":"Molecular identification of blood meal sources in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) suspected as Leucocytozoon vectors","volume":"205","author":"Pramual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05892-0","article-title":"From bites to barcodes: uncovering the hidden diversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Vietnam","volume":"16","author":"Putt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1654\/4243.1","article-title":"Molecular detection of Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)","volume":"74","author":"Reeves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105344","article-title":"Natural infections with larvae of Onchocerca species type I in the human-biting black fly, Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae), in western Thailand","volume":"204","author":"Saeung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.04.014","article-title":"Descriptions of the female and larva of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) udomi (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand, and its transfer to the Simulium asakoae species-group","volume":"172","author":"Saeung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib64","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0643","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus by Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) to domestic swine (Sus scrofa)","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001384","article-title":"Co-infections of haemosporidian and trypanosome parasites in a North American songbird","volume":"143","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110379","article-title":"First evidence of co-circulation of emerging Leishmania martiniquensis, Leishmania orientalis, and Crithidia sp. in Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the putative vectors for autochthonous transmission in southern Thailand","volume":"7","author":"Songumpai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106313","article-title":"Morphological description and phylogenetic position of a new cryptic species in the Simulium asakoae species-group, Simulium (Gomphostilbia) mokroense, from Western Thailand","volume":"228","author":"Srisuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105889","article-title":"A new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Northern Thailand, with its genetic relationship in the S. asakoae species-group","volume":"218","author":"Srisuka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105043","article-title":"A new species of the Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand, with its phylogenetic relationships with related species in the Simulium asakoae species-group","volume":"197","author":"Srisuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107207","article-title":"Molecular detection of blood protozoa and identification of black flies of the Simulium varicorne species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand","volume":"254","author":"Stangarm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib72","first-page":"157","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of blood parasites infection in backyard chickens in Chiang Mai","volume":"15","author":"Takang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chiang Mai Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.3.404","article-title":"Natural vectors of three bovine Onchocerca species (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) and seasonal transmission by three blackfly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) in central Kyushu, Japan","volume":"31","author":"Takaoka","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh1973.20.1","article-title":"Natural infections of blackflies with larvae of zoonotic Onchocerca spp. in northeast Japan","volume":"20","author":"Takaoka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2003101p3","article-title":"Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) attracted to humans and water buffalos and natural infections with filarial larvae, probably Onchocerca sp., in northern Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Takaoka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.950.51298","article-title":"Twenty-one new species of the Simulium (Gomphostilbia) asakoae species group (Diptera, Simuliidae) in Thailand, with their genetic relationships","volume":"950","author":"Takaoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.07.024","article-title":"Two new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Myanmar, and their phylogenetic relationships with related species in the S. asakoae species-group","volume":"176","author":"Takaoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx064","article-title":"A new human-biting black fly species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand","volume":"54","author":"Takaoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.70.53","article-title":"Checklist and keys for the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Thailand","volume":"70","author":"Takaoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib76","series-title":"The Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of West Malaysia","author":"Takaoka","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105196","article-title":"Molecular detection of Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand","volume":"200","author":"Thaijarern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00345","article-title":"Leptomonas seymouri co-infection in cutaneous leishmaniasis cases caused by Leishmania donovani from Himachal Pradesh, India","volume":"10","author":"Thakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16101034","article-title":"Integrative description and redescription of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) species in the Simulium (Gomphostilbia) ceylonicum species-group from Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Thongsahuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2001083215","article-title":"Onchocerca dewittei japonica n. subsp., a common parasite from wild boar in Kyushu Island, Japan","volume":"8","author":"Uni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3907-8","article-title":"Description, molecular characteristics and Wolbachia endosymbionts of Onchocerca borneensis Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the Bornean bearded pig Sus barbatus Muller (Cetartiodactyla: Suidae) of Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"13","author":"Uni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051251","article-title":"Insights into the biology of Leucocytozoon species (Haemosporida, Leucocytozoidae): why is there slow research progress on agents of leucocytozoonosis?","volume":"11","author":"Valki\u016bnas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.11.004","article-title":"Identification of I. ricinus, I. persulcatus and I. trianguliceps species by multiplex PCR","volume":"8","author":"Varv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53678-1","article-title":"Natural infection by the protozoan Leptomonas wallacei impacts the morphology, physiology, reproduction, and lifespan of the insect Oncopeltus fasciatus","volume":"9","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9","article-title":"A cryptic species of Onchocerca (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in blackflies (Simulium spp.) from southern California, USA","volume":"11","author":"Verocai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-1034-z","article-title":"Trypanosoma avium: experimental transmission from black flies to canaries","volume":"92","author":"Vot\u00fdpka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjag043","article-title":"Molecular detection of filarial parasites in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Laos","volume":"63","author":"Wannasingha","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11070409","article-title":"A multiplex PCR based on mitochondrial COI sequences for identification of members of the Anopheles barbirostris complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand and other countries in the region","volume":"11","author":"Wilai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-125","article-title":"IMP PCR primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for Anopheles gambiae species identification, Mopti and Savanna rDNA types, and resistance to dieldrin in Anopheles arabiensis","volume":"5","author":"Wilkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.16.5","article-title":"Emerging tools for identification of arthropod vectors","volume":"11","author":"Yssouf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad089","article-title":"A multiplex PCR assay for the identification of 5 sibling species of the Lindesayi Complex of the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Bhutan","volume":"60","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."}],"container-title":["Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667114X26000701?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667114X26000701?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T10:06:36Z","timestamp":1793873196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667114X26000701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["S2667114X26000701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-114X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-114X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multiplex PCR for the differentiation of Simulium asakoae and molecular detection of pathogens in the S. asakoae species group in Thailand","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2026.100414","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100414"}}