{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:00:32Z","timestamp":1791270032182,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MathDoc\/Centre Mersenne","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An agent-based model (AMB) used to simulate the spread of Human African Trypanosomiasis is presented together with the results of simulations of a focus of the disease. This model is a completely spatialized approach taking into account a series of often overlooked parameters such as human behaviour (activity-related movements), the density and mobility of the disease vectors \u2013 tsetse flies (\n                    <jats:italic>Glossina<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) \u2013 and the influence of other tsetse feeding hosts (livestock and wild animal populations). The agents that represent humans and tsetse flies move in a spatially structured environment managed by specialized location agents. Existing compartmental mathematical models governed by differential equations fail to incorporate the spatial dimension of the disease transmission. Furthermore, on a small scale, transmission is unrealistically represented by entities less than one. This ABM was tested with data from one village of the Bipindi sleeping sickness focus (southern Cameroon) and with obtained realistic simulations of stable transmission involving an animal reservoir. In varying different spatial configurations, we observe that the stability of spread is linked to the spatial complexity (number of heterogeneous locations). The prevalence is very sensitive to the human densities and to the number of tsetse flies initially infected in a given location. A\u00a0relatively low and durable prevalence is obtained with shortening the phase\u00a0I. In addition, we discuss some upgrading possibilities, in particular the linkage to a Geographical Information System (GIS). The agent-based approach offers new ways to understanding the spread of the disease and a tool to evaluate risk and test control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2003.12.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,17]],"date-time":"2004-01-17T05:15:06Z","timestamp":1074316506000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["An agent-based model of sleeping sickness: simulation trials of a forest focus in southern Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.5802","volume":"327","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Muller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Gr\u00e9baut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Gouteux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3842","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2025102316243250802_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300005630","article-title":"A low density of tsetse flies associated with a high incidence of sleeping sickness","volume":"35","author":"Nash, T.A.M.","year":"1944","unstructured":"[1] Nash, T.A.M. A low density of tsetse flies associated with a high incidence of sleeping sickness, Bull. Entomol. Res., Volume 35 (1944), p. 51","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1985603329","article-title":"\u00c9cologie des glossines en secteur pr\u00e9-forestier de C\u00f4te-d'Ivoire. Relation avec la trypanosomiase humaine et possibilit\u00e9s de lutte","volume":"60","author":"Gouteux, J.-P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"[2] Gouteux, J.-P. \u00c9cologie des glossines en secteur pr\u00e9-forestier de C\u00f4te-d'Ivoire. Relation avec la trypanosomiase humaine et possibilit\u00e9s de lutte, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp., Volume 60 (1985), pp. 329-347","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_3","author":"Laveissiere, C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"[3] Laveissiere, C.; Hervouet, J.-P. Trypanomiase humaine en Afrique de l'Ouest : \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et contr\u00f4le, Didactiques Orstom, France, 1991 (157 p)","journal-title":"Trypanomiase humaine en Afrique de l'Ouest : \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et contr\u00f4le"},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066853","article-title":"A general model for the African trypanosomiases","volume":"97","author":"Rogers, D.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"[4] Rogers, D.J. A general model for the African trypanosomiases, Parasitology, Volume 97 (1988), pp. 193-212","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1988.0106","article-title":"The dynamics of vector-transmitted diseases in human communities","volume":"321","author":"Rogers, D.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"[5] Rogers, D.J. The dynamics of vector-transmitted diseases in human communities, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, Volume 321 (1988), pp. 513-539","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_6","first-page":"257","article-title":"Apport d'un mod\u00e8le math\u00e9matique dans le contr\u00f4le d'une parasitose : cas de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine \u00e0 <span class=\"italique\">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/span>","volume":"75","author":"Jusot, J.F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"[6] Jusot, J.F.; de Vlas, S.J.; van Oortmarssen, G.J.; de Muynck, A. Apport d'un mod\u00e8le math\u00e9matique dans le contr\u00f4le d'une parasitose : cas de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine \u00e0 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Ann. Soc. Belge M\u00e9d. Trop., Volume 75 (1995), pp. 257-272","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belge M\u00e9d. 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Representation for Artificial Organisms from Animal to Animats (Meyer, J.-A.; Wilson, S.W., eds.), MIT Press, Paris, 1991, pp. 382-390","journal-title":"Representation for Artificial Organisms from Animal to Animats"},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/104687810103200209","article-title":"Population dynamics of sleeping sickness: a micro simulation","volume":"32","author":"Artzrouni, M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"[16] Artzrouni, M.; Gouteux, J.-P. Population dynamics of sleeping sickness: a micro simulation, Simulation and Gaming, Volume 32 (2001), pp. 215-227","journal-title":"Simulation and Gaming"},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_17","first-page":"351","article-title":"Persistance et r\u00e9surgence de la maladie du sommeil \u00e0 <span class=\"italique\">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/span> dans les foyers historiques : approche biomath\u00e9matique d'une \u00e9nigme \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique","volume":"323","author":"Gouteux, J.-P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"[17] Gouteux, J.-P.; Artzrouni, M. Persistance et r\u00e9surgence de la maladie du sommeil \u00e0 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense dans les foyers historiques : approche biomath\u00e9matique d'une \u00e9nigme \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. III, Volume 323 (2000), pp. 351-364","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. 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Trop."},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_20","first-page":"8","article-title":"\u00c9tude de la pr\u00e9valence des infections \u00e0 trypanosomes chez les animaux sauvages du foyer de la maladie du sommeil de Bipindi, Cameroun","volume":"33","author":"Simo, G.","year":"2000","unstructured":"[20] Simo, G.; Njiokou, F.; Nkinin, S.; Mgbedi\u00e9, M.; Laveissi\u00e8re, C.; Herder, S. \u00c9tude de la pr\u00e9valence des infections \u00e0 trypanosomes chez les animaux sauvages du foyer de la maladie du sommeil de Bipindi, Cameroun, Bull. Liais. Doc. OCEAC, Volume 33 (2000), pp. 8-15","journal-title":"Bull. Liais. Doc. OCEAC"},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_21","first-page":"23","article-title":"New tools and new knowledge about <span class=\"italique\">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/span> infections in Cameroon","volume":"34","author":"Asonganyi, T.","year":"2001","unstructured":"[21] Asonganyi, T.; Nkinin, S.; Simo, G. 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Des agents pour pr\u00e9voir l'impr\u00e9visible, La Recherche, Volume 353 (2002), pp. 54-55","journal-title":"La Recherche"},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_44","article-title":"A microsimulation study of the effect of concurrent partnerships on the spread of HIV in Uganda. Working paper","author":"Morris, M.","year":"June 2000","unstructured":"[44] Morris, M.; Kretzschmar, M. A microsimulation study of the effect of concurrent partnerships on the spread of HIV in Uganda. Working paper, \n                June 2000\n               http:\/\/www.pop.psu.edu\/general\/pubs\/working_papers\/psu-pri\/wp0007.pdf"},{"key":"key2025102316243250802_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00764.x","article-title":"A matrix model for studying tsetse fly populations","volume":"78","author":"Jarry, M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"[45] Jarry, M.; Khaladi, M.; Gouteux, J.-P. A matrix model for studying tsetse fly populations, Entomol. Exp. 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