{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:17:23Z","timestamp":1790255843355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MathDoc\/Centre Mersenne","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Kala azar (KA) is a lethal disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites (\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani s.l<\/jats:italic>\n                    .) that multiply in large numbers in deep organs such as spleen and liver. The host immunological response to these organisms is complex and experimental studies in animals have detected a large number of genetic loci involved in the control of infection and disease. We report here on a study in a human population of Sudan carried out during an outbreak of KA. The following conclusions are presented: (1) environmental factors that could have affected the distribution of the insect vector, influenced progression of KA in the initial phase of the epidemics \u2013 but they became less important later at the peak of transmission, probably after infected phlebotomies had spread to all parts of the village \u2013; (2)\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    population during the epidemics was heterogeneous, suggesting a possible parasite evolution during the outbreak; (3) the incidence of KA varied markedly among age groups, families and ethnic groups. Susceptibility to KA was shown to depend on a locus on chromosomes 22q12 and on NRAMP1 on chromosome 2q35; the data also suggested a third locus in the region 2q23\u2013q24. Overall, this study indicates complex interactions between host genes and environment in the spreading of KA in that population. It is also suspected that the large parasite diversity observed in the outbreak has contributed to disease spreading across host genetic barriers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2006.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,25]],"date-time":"2006-08-25T18:06:51Z","timestamp":1156529211000},"page":"863-870","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Genes and environment in susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.5802","volume":"329","author":[{"given":"Sayda","family":"El-Safi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa M.","family":"Kheir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bucheton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U399, \u2018Immunologie et g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des maladies parasitaires\u2019, facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de la Timone, 27, bd Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Argiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U399, \u2018Immunologie et g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des maladies parasitaires\u2019, facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de la Timone, 27, bd Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U550, \u2018G\u00e9n\u00e9tique humaine des maladies infectieuses\u2019, facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine Necker, 156, rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Dereure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de parasitologie and Centre national de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Leishmania, CHU de Montpellier, 163, rue Auguste-Broussonet, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Dedet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de parasitologie and Centre national de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Leishmania, CHU de Montpellier, 163, rue Auguste-Broussonet, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Dessein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U399, \u2018Immunologie et g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des maladies parasitaires\u2019, facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de la Timone, 27, bd Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3842","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2026010917405752580_1","first-page":"1","volume":"vol. 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