{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:19:57Z","timestamp":1791209997366,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MathDoc\/Centre Mersenne","issue":"2-3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians) number approximately 8200 living species and are a major component of the world's terrestrial vertebrate diversity. Recent molecular phylogenies based on protein-coding nuclear genes have challenged the classical, morphology-based concept of squamate relationships, requiring new classifications, and drawing new evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses. Even the key and long-held concept of a dichotomy between iguanians (\u223c1470 sp.) and scleroglossans (all other squamates) has been refuted because molecular trees place iguanians in a highly nested position. Together with snakes and anguimorphs, iguanians form a clade \u2013 Toxicofera \u2013 characterized by the presence of toxin secreting oral glands and demonstrating a single early origin of venom in squamates. Consequently, neither the varanid lizards nor burrowing lineages such as amphisbaenians or dibamid lizards are the closest relative of snakes. The squamate timetree shows that most major groups diversified in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, 200\u201366 million years (Myr) ago. In contrast, five of the six families of amphisbaenians arose during the early Cenozoic, \u223c60\u201340 Myr ago, and oceanic dispersal on floating islands apparently played a significant role in their distribution on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Among snakes, molecular data support the basic division between the small fossorial scolecophidians (\u223c370 sp.) and the alethinophidians (all other snakes, \u223c2700 sp.). They show that the alethinophidians were primitively macrostomatan and that this condition was secondarily lost by burrowing lineages. The diversification of alethinophidians resulted from a mid-Cretaceous vicariant event, the separation of South America from Africa, giving rise to Amerophidia (aniliids and tropidophiids) and Afrophidia (all other alethinophidians). Finally, molecular phylogenies have made it possible to draw a detailed evolutionary history of venom among advanced snakes (Caenophidia), a key functional innovation underlying their radiation (\u223c2500 sp.).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2008.07.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T05:56:30Z","timestamp":1227938190000},"page":"129-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians"],"prefix":"10.5802","volume":"332","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Blair","family":"Hedges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3842","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2025102316314004713_1","author":"Zug, G.R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"[1] Zug, G.R.; Vitt, L.J.; Caldwell, J.P. Herpetology. An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, Academic Press, San Diego, 2001","journal-title":"Herpetology. An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles"},{"key":"key2025102316314004713_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793103006134","article-title":"At the feet of the dinosaurs: the early history and radiation of lizards","volume":"78","author":"Evans, S.E.","year":"2003","unstructured":"[2] Evans, S.E. At the feet of the dinosaurs: the early history and radiation of lizards, Biol. Rev., Volume 78 (2003), pp. 513-551","journal-title":"Biol. 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