{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:22:22Z","timestamp":1792819342246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":173,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["csbj.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comput Struct Biotechnol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 has infected over 35 million people worldwide and led to over 1 million deaths. Several risk factors that increase COVID-19 severity have emerged, including age and a history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or kidney disease. However, a number of outstanding questions persist, including whether the above comorbidities correlate with increased mortality from COVID-19 or whether age is a significant confounding variable that accounts for the observed relationship between COVID-19 severity and other comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies documenting COVID-19 patients with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, or chronic kidney disease. We classified COVID-19 cases into severe\/non-severe or deceased\/surviving and calculated the odds ratio (OR) for each of the four comorbidities in these cohorts. 36 studies, comprising 22,573 patients, are included in our meta-analysis. We found that hypertension is the most prevalent comorbidity in deceased COVID-19 patients (55.4%; CI: 49.4\u201361.3%), followed by cardiovascular disease (30.7%; CI: 22.6\u201338.8%), cerebrovascular disease (13.4%; CI: 9.12\u201319.2%), then chronic kidney disease (9.05%; CI: 5.57\u201315.0%). The risk of death is also significantly higher for patients with these comorbidities, with the greatest risk factor being chronic kidney disease (OR: 8.86; CI: 5.27\u201314.89), followed by cardiovascular disease (OR: 6.87; CI: 5.56\u20138.50), hypertension (OR: 4.87; CI: 4.19\u20135.66), and cerebrovascular disease (OR: 4.28; CI: 2.86\u20136.41). These risks are significantly higher than previously reported, while correlations between comorbidities and COVID-19 severity are similar to previously reported figures. Using meta-regression analysis with age as a moderating variable, we observed that age contributes to the observed risks but does not explain them fully.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this meta-analysis, we observed that cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney-related comorbidities in COVID-19 significantly contributes to greater risk of mortality and increased disease severity. We also demonstrated that age may not be a confounder to these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.06.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:26:42Z","timestamp":1624926402000},"page":"3755-3764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients: A systematic-review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Abby C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei Tse","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Apostol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pam R.","family":"Taub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahadevan","family":"Rajasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Urology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weg M.","family":"Ongkeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000744"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu XW Wu XX Jiang XG Xu KJ Ying LJ Ma CL et al. 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