{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:31:00Z","timestamp":1788993060068,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["csbj.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comput Struct Biotechnol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.02.036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T18:27:41Z","timestamp":1740853661000},"page":"887-895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Repurposing thioridazine as a potential CD2068 inhibitor to mitigate antibiotic resistance in\n                    <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Methinee","family":"Pipatthana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Phanchana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apiwat","family":"Sangphukieo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitthivut","family":"Charoensutthivarakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phurt","family":"Harnvoravongchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surang","family":"Chankhamhaengdecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pattaneeya","family":"Prangthip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pattanai","family":"Konpetch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanakarn","family":"Sripong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samitivej Srinakarin Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarawut","family":"Wongphayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vishuo Biomedical (Thailand) Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tavan","family":"Janvilisri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","article-title":"Influence of antibiotic exposure intensity on the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection","author":"Ray M.J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ray M.J., Strnad L.C., Tucker K.J., Furuno J.P., Lofgren E.T., McCracken C.M. et al: Influence of antibiotic exposure intensity on the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2024; . ciae259.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02250-16","article-title":"Update on antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficile: resistance mechanisms and antimicrobial susceptibility testing","volume":"55","author":"Peng Z.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng Z., Jin D., Kim H.B., Stratton C.W., Wu B., Tang Y.-W. et al: Update on antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficile: resistance mechanisms and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55: 1998.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20160062","article-title":"Insights into drug resistance mechanisms in Clostridium difficile.","volume":"61","author":"Harnvoravongchai P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harnvoravongchai P., Pipatthana M., Chankhamhaengdecha S. and Janvilisri T.: Insights into drug resistance mechanisms in Clostridium difficile.. Essays Biochem 2017; 61: 81.","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10155-x","article-title":"CD2068 potentially mediates multidrug efflux in Clostridium difficile.","volume":"7","author":"Ngernsombat C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ngernsombat C., Sreesai S., Harnvoravongchai P., Chankhamhaengdecha S. and Janvilisri T.: CD2068 potentially mediates multidrug efflux in Clostridium difficile.. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 9982.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1085","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)","volume":"66","author":"McDonald L.C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDonald L.C., Gerding D.N., Johnson S., Bakken J.S., Carroll K.C., Coffin S.E. et al: Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66: e1.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky427"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ab initio modeling of small proteins by iterative TASSER simulations","volume":"5","author":"Wu S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu S., Skolnick J. and Zhang Y.: Ab initio modeling of small proteins by iterative TASSER simulations. BMC Biol 2007; 5: 1.","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914677117"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh468"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg543","article-title":"Tools for comparative protein structure modeling and analysis","volume":"31","author":"Eswar N.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eswar N., John B., Mirkovic N., Fiser A., Ilyin V.A., Pieper U. et al: Tools for comparative protein structure modeling and analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31: 3375.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8754"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","first-page":"W380","article-title":"mTM-align: a server for fast protein structure database search and multiple protein structure alignment","volume":"46","author":"Dong R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong R., Pan S., Peng Z., Zhang Y. and Yang J.: mTM-align: a server for fast protein structure database search and multiple protein structure alignment. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46: W380.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3943"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1074","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1037","article-title":"5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018","volume":"46","author":"Assempour N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assempour N., Iynkkaran I., Liu Y., Maciejewski A., Gale N., Wilson A. et al: 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46: D1074.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2946-3-33","article-title":"Open Babel: an open chemical toolbox","volume":"3","author":"O'Boyle N.M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"O'Boyle N.M., Banck M., James C.A., Morley C., Vandermeersch T. and Hutchison G.R.: Open Babel: an open chemical toolbox. J Chemin- 2011; 3: 1.","journal-title":"J Chemin-"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","article-title":"Scalable algorithms for molecular dynamics simulations on commodity clusters","author":"Bowers K.J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bowers K.J., Chow E., Xu H., Dror R.O., Eastwood M.P., Gregersen B.A. et al: Scalable algorithms for molecular dynamics simulations on commodity clusters. In: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM\/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing 2006; .","journal-title":"In: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM\/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1874","article-title":"Extraction and quantification of polyphosphate in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"6","author":"Canadell D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Canadell D., Bru S., Clotet J. and Ari\u00f1o J.: Extraction and quantification of polyphosphate in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bio Protoc 2016; 6. e1874-e.","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","unstructured":"David W. Hecht M.D. and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria; Approved Standard: NCCLS; 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balouiri M., Sadiki M. and Ibnsouda S.K.: Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6: 71.","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64882-9","article-title":"Auranofin, at clinically achievable dose, protects mice and prevents recurrence from Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"10","author":"Abutaleb N.S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abutaleb N.S. and Seleem M.N.: Auranofin, at clinically achievable dose, protects mice and prevents recurrence from Clostridioides difficile infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 7701.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064518","article-title":"Thioridazine induces major changes in global gene expression and cell wall composition in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300","volume":"8","author":"Thorsing M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thorsing M., Klitgaard J.K., Atilano M.L., Skov M.N., Kolmos H.J., Filipe S.R. et al: Thioridazine induces major changes in global gene expression and cell wall composition in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300. PLoS One 2013; 8: e64518.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","first-page":"361","article-title":"Thioridazine reduces resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting a reserpine-sensitive efflux pump","volume":"20","author":"Kristiansen M.M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kristiansen M.M., Leandro C., Ordway D., Martins M., Viveiros M., Pacheco T. et al: Thioridazine reduces resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting a reserpine-sensitive efflux pump. In Vivo 2006; 20: 361.","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057493","article-title":"A comparative analysis of in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the enantiomers of thioridazine and its racemate","volume":"8","author":"Christensen J.B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christensen J.B., Hendricks O., Chaki S., Mukherjee S., Das A., Pal T.K. et al: A comparative analysis of in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the enantiomers of thioridazine and its racemate. PLoS One 2013; 8: e57493.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960105.x","article-title":"In vitro activity of phenothiazine derivatives in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium","volume":"96","author":"Hendricks O.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hendricks O., Molnar A., Butterworth T.S., Butaye P., Kolmos H.J., Christensen J.B. et al: In vitro activity of phenothiazine derivatives in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 96: 33.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00200-0","article-title":"Phenothiazines alter resistance of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to oxacillin in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Kristiansen M.M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kristiansen M.M., Leandro C., Ordway D., Martins M., Viveiros M., Pacheco T. et al: Phenothiazines alter resistance of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to oxacillin in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 22: 250.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173362","article-title":"Systemic thioridazine in combination with dicloxacillin against early aortic graft infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a porcine model: in vivo results do not reproduce the in vitro synergistic activity","volume":"12","author":"Stenger M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stenger M., Behr-Rasmussen C., Klein K., Gr\u00f8nnemose R.B., Andersen T.E., Klitgaard J.K. et al: Systemic thioridazine in combination with dicloxacillin against early aortic graft infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a porcine model: in vivo results do not reproduce the in vitro synergistic activity. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0173362.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00111-19","article-title":"Modified mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection as a platform for probiotic efficacy studies","volume":"63","author":"De Wolfe T.","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Wolfe T., Kates A., Barko L., Darien B. and Safdar N.: Modified mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection as a platform for probiotic efficacy studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63. 10.1128\/aac. 00111-19.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere"}],"container-title":["Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2001037025000649?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2001037025000649?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.02.036","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T12:31:25Z","timestamp":1775219485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.02.036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.02.036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.02.036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2001-0370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2001-0370","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Repurposing thioridazine as a potential CD2068 inhibitor to mitigate antibiotic resistance in Clostridioides difficile infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.02.036","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Research Network of Computational and Structural Biotechnology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}