{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:12:44Z","timestamp":1791094364502,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,22]],"date-time":"2011-05-22T01:32:36Z","timestamp":1306027956000},"page":"537-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Sickle Cell Considerations in Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"E. Randy","family":"Eichner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib1","series-title":"Field is goal. Kenwood\u2019s Gregory stuns medical experts by playing football varsity","author":"Satterfield","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1007639","article-title":"Screening student athletes for sickle cell trait\u2014a social and clinical experiment","volume":"363","author":"Bonham","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib3","first-page":"181","article-title":"Exercise and hemoglobin S","volume":"31","author":"Kark","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib4","article-title":"Autopsy shows A&T athlete had sickle cell blood trait","author":"Witt","year":"2010","journal-title":"News-Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.16.3.197","article-title":"Sickle cell trait","volume":"16","author":"Eichner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181fc73d7","article-title":"Sickle cell trait in sports","volume":"9","author":"Eichner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/00130478-200207000-00023","article-title":"Death of an adolescent athlete with sickle cell trait caused by exertional heat stroke","volume":"3","author":"Pretzlaff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib8","article-title":"Time to Cisti and make up","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"ABQ Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1986.11709229","article-title":"Sickle cell trait, exercise, and altitude","volume":"14","author":"Eichner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib10","series-title":"Blood disorder blamed in death","author":"Graham","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197002052820607","article-title":"Sudden death in sickle-cell trait","volume":"282","author":"Jones","year":"1970","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib12","first-page":"358","article-title":"The sickle cell trait in relation to the training and assignment of duties in the Armed Forces: III. Hyposthenuria, hematuria, sudden death, rhabdomyolysis, and acute tubular necrosis","volume":"55","author":"Diggs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90247-9","article-title":"Exertion-induced rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation in sickle cell trait","volume":"63","author":"Koppes","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198709243171301","article-title":"Sickle-cell trait as a risk factor for sudden death in physical training","volume":"317","author":"Kark","year":"1987","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib15","author":"Kark"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib16","series-title":"Recruit medicine","first-page":"519","article-title":"Recruit mortality","author":"Scoville","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-67-2-356","article-title":"Nephropathy associated with heat stress and exercise","volume":"67","author":"Schrier","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/159.2.160","article-title":"Fatal rhabdomyolysis presenting as mild heat illness in military training","volume":"159","author":"Gardner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ae0700","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and fatal rhabdomyolysis in football training: a case study","volume":"42","author":"Anzalone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.32.1.59","article-title":"Acid-base balance after maximal exercise of short duration","volume":"32","author":"Osnes","year":"1972","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.34.1.87","article-title":"Central, femoral, and brachial circulation during exercise in hypoxia","volume":"34","author":"Hartley","year":"1973","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07696.x","article-title":"Acid-base and electrolyte balance after exhausting exercise in endurance-trained and sprint-trained subjects","volume":"125","author":"Medbo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200411000-00005","article-title":"Erythrocyte sickling during exercise and thermal stress","volume":"14","author":"Bergeron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(89)80482-6","article-title":"Exercise and hypoxia increase sickling in venous blood from an exercising limb in individuals with sickle cell trait","volume":"87","author":"Martin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000170128.78432.96","article-title":"Hemorheology, sickle cell trait, and alpha-thalassemia in athletes: effects of exercise","volume":"37","author":"Monchanin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0155-3","article-title":"Effects of short supramaximal exercise on hemorheology in sickle cell trait carriers","volume":"97","author":"Connes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00272.2006","article-title":"Effects of progressive and maximal exercise on plasma levels of adhesion molecules in athletes with sickle cell trait with or without alpha-thalassemia","volume":"102","author":"Monchanin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H908","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00298.2010","article-title":"Effects of hydration and dehydration on blood rheology in sickle cell trait carriers during exercise","volume":"299","author":"Tripette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00812.2009","article-title":"Remodeling of skeletal muscle microvascular in sickle cell trait and alpha-thalassemia","volume":"298","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00349.2010","article-title":"Skeletal muscle structural and energetic characteristics in subjects with sickle cell trait, alpha-thalassemia, or dual hemoglobinopathy","volume":"109","author":"Vincent","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-923834","article-title":"Does the pattern of repeated sprint ability differ between sickle cell trait carriers and healthy subjects?","volume":"27","author":"Connes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181e054d6","article-title":"Habitual physical activity and endothelial activation in sickle cell trait carriers","volume":"42","author":"Aufradet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.07.008","article-title":"Exertional sickness","volume":"123","author":"Sanchez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib34","first-page":"440a","article-title":"Sickle cell trait preparticipation screening practices of collegiate physicians","volume":"16","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181e7c9c4","article-title":"NCAA football and conditioning drills","volume":"6","author":"McGrew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198803000-00029","article-title":"Bilateral anterior and lateral compartment syndromes in a patient with sickle cell trait. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"228","author":"Hieb","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib37","series-title":"Lineman collapsed in workout last month. Awareness spreading on \u201cexertional sickling.\u201d","author":"Schrotenboer","year":"2009"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib38","first-page":"537a","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and lumbar myonecrosis as a cause of low back pain in athletes","volume":"40","author":"Schnebel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib39","unstructured":"Hale MH, Prine BR, Clugston JR, et\u00a0al. Severe low back pain in a football player. Poster presented at 17th annual AMSSM conference. Las Vegas, March 25\u201329, 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181caa9fa","article-title":"Exertional sickling","volume":"9","author":"Eichner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11932-007-0016-9","article-title":"Sickle cell trait in athletes: three clinical concerns","volume":"6","author":"Eichner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70400-2","article-title":"Splenic crisis at high altitude in 2 white men with sickle cell trait","volume":"33","author":"Tiernan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350390093033","article-title":"Splenic syndrome at mountain altitudes in sickle cell trait. Its occurrence in nonblack persons","volume":"253","author":"Lane","year":"1985","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/164.3.230","article-title":"Splenic syndrome in sickle cell trait: four case presentations and a review of the literature","volume":"164","author":"Franklin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib45","first-page":"443a","article-title":"Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in a collegiate basketball player","volume":"15","author":"Ortega","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib46","author":"Hannaford"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1990.11710173","article-title":"Hematuria\u2014a diagnostic challenge","volume":"18","author":"Eichner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(200004)63:4<205::AID-AJH8>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Renal abnormalities in sickle cell disease","volume":"63","author":"Ataga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib49","first-page":"1201","article-title":"Recurrent hematuria in 4 white patients with sickle cell trait","volume":"132","author":"Oksenhendler","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-86-5-529","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and hematuria associated with von Willebrand syndromes","volume":"86","author":"Brody","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115521","article-title":"Effects of alpha-thalassemia and sickle polymerization tendency on the urine-concentrating defect of individuals with sickle cell trait","volume":"88","author":"Gupta","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R977","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00289.2010","article-title":"Race, sex, and the regulation of urine osmolality: observations made during water deprivation","volume":"299","author":"Hancock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197905033001801","article-title":"Clinical implications of sickle-cell trait and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in hospitalized black male patients","volume":"300","author":"Heller","year":"1979","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-11-057604","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and the risk of venous thromboembolism among blacks","volume":"110","author":"Austin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181a608ed","article-title":"Blood clots and plane flights","volume":"8","author":"Eichner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.01.038","article-title":"Hormonal contraception, sickle cell trait, and risk for venous thromboembolism among African American women","volume":"200","author":"Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31815aed7d","article-title":"Massive splenic infarction in a collegiate football player with hemoglobin SC disease","volume":"18","author":"Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20847","article-title":"Hemoglobin SE disease\u2014a concise review","volume":"82","author":"Masiello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278591911000305?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278591911000305?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T22:23:45Z","timestamp":1637706225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278591911000305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278591911000305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-5919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-5919","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}}}