{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:21:54Z","timestamp":1791973314230,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","sportsmed.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T01:50:29Z","timestamp":1597283429000},"page":"911-930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Posterior Ankle Impingement and Flexor Hallucis Longus Pathology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"B. Dale","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Steginsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallory","family":"Suhling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Vora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713477609","article-title":"Posterior ankle impingement","volume":"34","author":"Giannini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200510000-00001","article-title":"Posterior ankle impingement syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Maquirriain","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199009000-00009","article-title":"Anatomy of the os trigonum","volume":"10","author":"Grogan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-80-10-536","article-title":"Os trigonum. Variation of a common accessory ossicle of the talus","volume":"80","author":"Mann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900601400326","article-title":"Fracture of the os trigonum: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Kose","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.157.3.4059550","article-title":"Symptomatic radiographic variants in extremities","volume":"157","author":"Lawson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716665576","article-title":"Os trigonum excision in dancers via an open posteromedial approach","volume":"38","author":"Heyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2003.12.008","article-title":"The os trigonum syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Davies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Foot"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.166.1.8571860","article-title":"The os trigonum syndrome: imaging features","volume":"166","author":"Karasick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070502600405","article-title":"Tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus: a clinical study of the spectrum of presentation and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Michelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20029","article-title":"Clinical significance of variations in the interconnections between flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus in the region of the knot of Henry","volume":"18","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199311000-00003","article-title":"Tendon disorders of the foot and ankle","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2012.1108","article-title":"Arthroscopic treatment of tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon","volume":"33","author":"Corte-Real","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078200300204","article-title":"Stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon and posterior impingement upon the os trigonum in ballet dancers","volume":"3","author":"Hamilton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mporth.2016.04.015","article-title":"Biomechanics of the ankle","volume":"30","author":"Brockett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199609000-00014","article-title":"Release of the flexor hallucis longus tendon in ballet dancers\u2217","volume":"78","author":"Kolettis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70208-8","article-title":"Foot and ankle injuries in dance","volume":"19","author":"Macintyre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-22-09-545","article-title":"Os trigonum syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Nault","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658201000112","article-title":"Fracture of the fused os trigonum","volume":"10","author":"Ihle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400607","article-title":"Talar compression syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Brodsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib21","first-page":"79","article-title":"A\u00a0hitherto undescribed fracture of the astragalus","volume":"17","author":"Shepherd","year":"1882","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anat Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib22","first-page":"171","article-title":"Fracture of the non fused os trigonum, a rare cause of hindfoot pain. A case report and review of the literature","volume":"89","author":"Mouhsine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chir Organi Mov"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078200300205","article-title":"Posterior block of the ankle joint in dancers","volume":"3","author":"Howse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199610000-00006","article-title":"Pain in the posterior aspect of the ankle in dancers. differential diagnosis and operative treatment\u2217","volume":"78","author":"Hamilton","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20991","article-title":"Pathoanatomy of posterior ankle impingement in ballet dancers","volume":"23","author":"Russell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(05)80514-6","article-title":"Posteromedial ankle impingement","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B4.0780562","article-title":"Medial ankle pain after lateral ligament rupture","volume":"78","author":"van Dijk","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.165.2.7618563","article-title":"Posterior intermalleolar ligament of the ankle: normal anatomy and MR imaging features","volume":"165","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000508","article-title":"Os trigonum impingement in dancers","volume":"20","author":"Marotta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078100200108","article-title":"Stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon at the great toe","volume":"2","author":"Gould","year":"1981","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516682498","article-title":"Endoscopic versus open excision of os trigonum for the treatment of posterior ankle impingement syndrome in an athletic population: a randomized controlled study with 5-year follow-up","volume":"45","author":"Georgiannos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.05.006","article-title":"The posterior impingement view: an alternative conventional projection to detect bony posterior ankle impingement","volume":"30","author":"Wiegerinck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-82-3-154","article-title":"The os trigonum syndrome. A literature review","volume":"82","author":"Blake","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s002560050049","article-title":"The value of MR imaging in the diagnosis of the os trigonum syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Wakeley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.215.2.r00ma01497","article-title":"Posterior ankle impingement syndrome: MR imaging findings in seven patients","volume":"215","author":"Bureau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.161.3.8352117","article-title":"MR imaging of the ankle and foot: normal structures and anatomic variants that may simulate disease","volume":"161","author":"Link","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib37","first-page":"572","article-title":"Posterior ankle impingement syndrome: a clinical review with reference to horizontal jump athletes","volume":"76","author":"Rogers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500102","article-title":"Posterior ankle impingement","volume":"15","author":"Hedrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2014.10.005","article-title":"Hindfoot endoscopy for posterior ankle impingement syndrome and flexor hallucis longus tendon disorders","volume":"20","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib40","first-page":"122","article-title":"The diagnosis of the os trigonum syndrome with a fluoroscopically controlled injection of local anesthetic","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2015.06.005","article-title":"Disorders of the flexor hallucis longus and os trigonum","volume":"34","author":"Rungprai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100715595504","article-title":"Management of posterior impingement in the ankle in athletes and dancers","volume":"36","author":"Coetzee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.08.029","article-title":"Open versus endoscopic excision of a symptomatic os trigonum: a comparative study of 41 cases","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib44","first-page":"545","article-title":"Hindfoot endoscopy for posterior ankle pain","volume":"55","author":"van Dijk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00445","article-title":"Hindfoot endoscopy for posterior ankle impingement","volume":"91","author":"van Dijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2010.01.004","article-title":"Technique and results of arthroscopic treatment of posterior ankle impingement","volume":"17","author":"Galla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100712475062","article-title":"Arthroscopic excision of a symptomatic os trigonum in a lateral decubitus position","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100715620857","article-title":"Outcome of arthroscopic treatment of posterior impingement of the ankle","volume":"37","author":"Carreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib49","first-page":"252","article-title":"Posterior ankle impingement: os trigonum syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Rathur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079101100613","article-title":"Os trigonum syndrome: a clinical entity in ballet dancers","volume":"11","author":"Wredmark","year":"1991","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200306000-00010","article-title":"Outcome of resection of a symptomatic os trigonum","volume":"85","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.08.025","article-title":"Outcome of posterior ankle arthroscopy for hindfoot impingement","volume":"24","author":"Willits","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00188","article-title":"Hindfoot endoscopy for posterior ankle impingement","volume":"90","author":"Scholten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513480614","article-title":"Arthroscopic versus posterior endoscopic excision of a symptomatic Os trigonum: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509346390","article-title":"Return to training and playing after posterior ankle arthroscopy for posterior impingement in elite professional soccer","volume":"38","author":"Calder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib56","series-title":"Preventing dance injuries","author":"Solomon","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079801900603","article-title":"Flexor hallucis longus tendon injury in dancers and nondancers","volume":"19","author":"Sammarco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2009.02.002","article-title":"Arthroscopic release of flexor hallucis longus tendon using modified posteromedial and posterolateral portals in the supine position","volume":"19","author":"Theodoropoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foot"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2010.0398","article-title":"Arthroscopic excision of posterior ankle bony impingement for early return to the field: short-term results","volume":"31","author":"Noguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1428-x","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of posterior ankle pain","volume":"19","author":"Ogut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0349-1","article-title":"Benefits of arthroscopic tuberculoplasty in posterior ankle impingement syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Tey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278591920300442?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278591920300442?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T20:06:52Z","timestamp":1759522012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278591920300442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278591920300442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-5919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-5919","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Posterior Ankle Impingement and Flexor Hallucis Longus Pathology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Sports Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csm.2020.06.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}