{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:38:26Z","timestamp":1793335106897,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","sportsmed.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Sports Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T16:07:30Z","timestamp":1718467650000},"page":"129-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Physical Examination of the Throwing Elbow"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laith M.","family":"Jazrawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218","article-title":"Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Fleisig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib2","first-page":"194","article-title":"The normal carrying angle of the elbow. A radiographic study of 422 patients","volume":"119","author":"Beals","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511428869","article-title":"Physical examination of the athlete\u2019s elbow","volume":"40","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119866734","article-title":"Do professional baseball players with a higher valgus carrying angle have an increased risk of shoulder and elbow injuries?","volume":"7","author":"Erickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-16-00622","article-title":"Comprehensive review of the elbow physical examination","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib6","first-page":"83","article-title":"A\u00a0new clinical test for radial tunnel syndrome--the Rule-of-Nine test: a cadaveric study","volume":"12","author":"Loh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658040-00013","article-title":"Passive motion of the elbow joint","volume":"58","author":"Morrey","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221137894","article-title":"Long-term patient-reported outcomes after arthroscopic debridement of grade 3 or 4 capitellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions","volume":"51","author":"Austin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.08.013","article-title":"The posterolateral plica: a cause of refractory lateral elbow pain","volume":"15","author":"Ruch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310042601","article-title":"Elbow injuries in throwing athletes: a current concepts review","volume":"31","author":"Cain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.04.008","article-title":"History and examination of the thrower\u2019s elbow","volume":"23","author":"Cain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505279921","article-title":"Elbow range of motion in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01633","article-title":"Functional elbow range of motion for contemporary tasks","volume":"93","author":"Sardelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221145233","article-title":"Forearm pronation at foot contact: a biomechanical motion-capture analysis in high school and professional pitchers","volume":"11","author":"Manzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517706964","article-title":"Elbow injuries in professional baseball: epidemiological findings from the major league baseball injury surveillance system","volume":"45","author":"Ciccotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517743749","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the dynamic and static stabilizers of the medial elbow: an anatomic study","volume":"46","author":"Frangiamore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118825294","article-title":"The middle and distal aspects of the ulnar footprint of the medial ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow do not provide significant resistance to valgus stress: a biomechanical study","volume":"7","author":"Erickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veltri D, Field LD, Deutsch A, et\u00a0al. The milking maneuver - a new test to evaluate the MCL of the elbow in the throwing athlete. Presented at: 10th open meeting of the American shoulder and elbow surgeons specialty day; 1994; New Orleans, LA.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(95)80048-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.05.002","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament injury in the overhead athlete: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Safran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00132585-200311010-00003","article-title":"Injury to the ulnar collateral ligament: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Safran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658100900103","article-title":"Acute medial elbow ruptures","volume":"9","author":"Norwood","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173030-00015","article-title":"Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow","volume":"73","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504267804","article-title":"The \u201cmoving valgus stress test\u201d for medial collateral ligament tears of the elbow","volume":"33","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib24","first-page":"191","article-title":"Elbow arthroscopy: valgus extension overload","volume":"60","author":"Ahmad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100206","article-title":"Valgus extension overload in the pitching elbow","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.09.007","article-title":"Valgus extension overload syndrome in adolescent baseball players: clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.06.012","article-title":"Posteromedial elbow impingement: magnetic resonance imaging findings in overhead throwing athletes and results of arthroscopic treatment","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70246-5","article-title":"Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2016.10.012","article-title":"Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow: part ii. supplementary examination and dynamic imaging techniques","volume":"6","author":"Camp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthrosc Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib30","first-page":"89","article-title":"The unstable elbow","volume":"50","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2001","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2016.10.016","article-title":"Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow: part i. mechanism of injury and the posterolateral rotatory drawer test","volume":"6","author":"Camp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthrosc Tech"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.03.009","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of two diagnostic apprehension signs for posterolateral instability of the elbow","volume":"15","author":"Regan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.06.009","article-title":"Epicondylitis in the Athlete\u2019s Elbow","volume":"29","author":"Van Hofwegen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31031-0","article-title":"Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow","volume":"6","author":"Leach","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199401000-00001","article-title":"Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow","volume":"2","author":"Jobe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.54B3.499","article-title":"Radial tunnel syndrome: resistant tennis elbow as a nerve entrapment","volume":"54","author":"Roles","year":"1972","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2021.02.002","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of examination tests for lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) - A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Karanasios","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Ther"},{"issue":"3496","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3496.12","article-title":"The treatment of \u201ctennis elbow.\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Mills","year":"1928","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"3995","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3995.212","article-title":"Treatment of tennis elbow","volume":"2","author":"Mills","year":"1937","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200203000-00041","article-title":"Dr. Lewis N. Cozen, 1911-2001","volume":"84","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.04.010","article-title":"Effect of elbow position on grip strength in the evaluation of lateral epicondylitis","volume":"32","author":"Dorf","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib42","first-page":"184","article-title":"Evaluation of common elbow pathologies: a focus on physical examination","volume":"45","author":"Laratta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000313","article-title":"An electromyographic analysis of the elbow in normal and injured pitchers with medial collateral ligament insufficiency","volume":"20","author":"Glousman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09639-7","article-title":"Management of the ulnar nerve in throwing athletes","volume":"13","author":"Dowdle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1129","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120621-39","article-title":"Anconeus epitrochlearis as a source of medial elbow pain in baseball pitchers","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.02.009","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency affects cubital tunnel syndrome during throwing motion: a cadaveric biomechanical study","volume":"28","author":"Mihata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib47","first-page":"305","article-title":"Compressive neuropathies of the ulnar nerve at the elbow and wrist","volume":"49","author":"Posner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.09.013","article-title":"A\u00a0history of anatomical eponyms of the ulnar nerve","volume":"47","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199802000-00011","article-title":"Snapping of the medial head of the triceps and recurrent dislocation of the ulnar nerve. Anatomical and dynamic factors","volume":"80","author":"Spinner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934221104019","article-title":"The eponymous history of the ulnar nerve physical examination","volume":"47","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.04.012","article-title":"Nerve injuries in the throwing elbow","volume":"23","author":"Keefe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-16-00010","article-title":"Ulnar tunnel syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, anterior interosseous nerve syndrome, and pronator syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Strohl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.10.016","article-title":"Unusual compression neuropathies of the forearm, part I: radial nerve","volume":"34","author":"Dang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003_bib54","first-page":"295","article-title":"Compressive radial neuropathies","volume":"49","author":"Plate","year":"2000","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278591924000814?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278591924000814?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T16:36:43Z","timestamp":1751387803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278591924000814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278591924000814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-5919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-5919","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Physical Examination of the Throwing Elbow","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Sports Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csm.2024.05.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}