{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:05:17Z","timestamp":1790661917246,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Case Studies on Transport Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T16:38:38Z","timestamp":1678120718000},"page":"100989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evaluating public transit agency responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in seven U.S. regions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Karner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth","family":"LaRue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4142-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem","family":"Klumpenhouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Rowangould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahangari, S., Chavis, C., Jeihani, M., 2020. Public Transit Ridership Analysis During the Covid-19 Pandemic. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.10.25.20219105.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.25.20219105"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.11.018","article-title":"Sizing up transport poverty: A national scale accounting of low-income households suffering from inaccessibility in Canada, and what to do about it","volume":"74","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0015","unstructured":"APTA, 2020. Impact of COVID-19 on Public Transit Agencies (Survey Brief March 2020) (Survey Brief March 2020). American Public Transportation Association (APTA)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0020","unstructured":"APTA, 2021. COVID-19 Pandemic Threatens Public Transit Jobs and Service (Survey Brief Jan, 2021) (Survey Brief Jan, 2021). American Public Transportation Association (APTA)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0025","unstructured":"American Public Transportation Association, 2021. 2021 Public Transportation Fact Book. Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0030","series-title":"Rights in Transit: Public Transportation and the Right to the City in California\u2019s East Bay","author":"Attoh","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5590\/JOSC.2021.13.2.02","article-title":"Mass Transit Policy: Responding to COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Baer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soc. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0040","unstructured":"Barnett, B., 2020. Service Update During COVID-19 [WWW Document]. SFMTA. URL https:\/\/www.sfmta.com\/blog\/service-update-during-covid-19 (accessed 7.23.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0045","unstructured":"Chen, A., 2020. UPDATING: Metro COVID-19 news and service information. The Source. URL https:\/\/thesource.metro.net\/2020\/03\/03\/metro-coordinating-with-l-a-county-department-of-public-health-in-response-to-recent-reports-of-covid-19\/ (accessed 7.23.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0050","unstructured":"Cohen, A., 2020. Considerations for Social Distancing on Public Transportation During the COVID-19 Recovery."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2009.02.002","article-title":"Investigating links between transport disadvantage, social exclusion and well-being in Melbourne\u2014Preliminary results","volume":"16","author":"Currie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103348","article-title":"Living on a fare: Modeling and quantifying the effects of fare budgets on transit access and equity","volume":"101","author":"Da Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0065","unstructured":"Dunn, B., 2020a. Revel to Provide New Shared Electric Mopeds To Fill Transportation Gaps [WWW Document]. SFMTA. URL https:\/\/www.sfmta.com\/blog\/revel-provide-new-shared-electric-mopeds-fill-transportation-gaps (accessed 7.23.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0070","unstructured":"Dunn, B., 2020b. Scooters to Fill Transportation Gaps in More Neighborhoods [WWW Document]. SFMTA. URL https:\/\/www.sfmta.com\/blog\/scooters-fill-transportation-gaps-more-neighborhoods (accessed 7.23.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/17450101.2019.1607156","article-title":"Transit justice as spatial justice: learning from activists","volume":"14","author":"Enright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mobilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2016.01.001","article-title":"Space\u2013time mismatch between transit service and observed travel patterns in the Wasatch Front, Utah: A social equity perspective","volume":"4","author":"Farber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0085","unstructured":"Finance and Capital Committee, 2020. COVID-19 Recovery Planning Update."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0090","unstructured":"Fowler, A., 2020. Starting March 30: New Muni Service Changes [WWW Document]. SFMTA. URL https:\/\/www.sfmta.com\/blog\/starting-march-30-new-muni-service-changes (accessed 7.23.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005","article-title":"Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions","volume":"12","author":"Geurs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2013.778598","article-title":"Race, Space, and Struggles for Mobility: Transportation Impacts on African Americans in Oakland and the East Bay","volume":"34","author":"Golub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/01944360208976263","article-title":"Community-Based Planning as a Source of Political Change: The Transit Equity Movement of Los Angeles\u2019 Bus Riders Union","volume":"68","author":"Grengs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Plann. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2022.103217","article-title":"Covid-19 Pandemic Impacts on Essential Transit Riders: Findings from a U.S. survey","volume":"105","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0115","unstructured":"Holland, K., 2020. Muni Prepares to Deliver Essential Trips Only [WWW Document]. SFMTA. URL https:\/\/www.sfmta.com\/blog\/muni-prepares-deliver-essential-trips-only (accessed 7.23.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102654","article-title":"Who left riding transit? Examining socioeconomic disparities in the impact of COVID-19 on ridership","volume":"90","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0125","unstructured":"Hymon, S., 2020. Metro announces service adjustments due to COVID-19 crisis. The Source. URL https:\/\/thesource.metro.net\/2020\/03\/20\/metro-announces-service-adjustments-due-to-covid-19-cris\/ (accessed 9.16.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0130","series-title":"Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States","author":"Jackson","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412220927691","article-title":"From Transportation Equity to Transportation Justice: Within, Through, and Beyond the State","volume":"35","author":"Karner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0140","series-title":"Accessibility measures in practice: A guide for transportation agencies","author":"Karner","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0145","first-page":"25224","article-title":"A Comprehensive Transit Accessibility and Equity Dashboard","author":"Klumpenhouwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Findings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0150","series-title":"White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism","author":"Kruse","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0242476","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242476","article-title":"The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on public transit demand in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0160","first-page":"105","article-title":"Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transp","volume":"20","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0165","article-title":"Upcoming Muni Service Expansions Phase-in Rail Service, Add Bus Service [WWW Document]","author":"Maguire","year":"2020","journal-title":"SFMTA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0170","series-title":"Highway Robbery: Transportation Racism and New Routes to Equity","first-page":"33","article-title":"Los Angeles Bus Riders Derail the MTA","author":"Mann","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0175","first-page":"34","article-title":"Civil Rights Coaliton Challenges Unfair Transit Project","author":"Marcantonio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Race Poverty Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2012.01.004","article-title":"A justice-theoretic approach to the distribution of transportation benefits: Implications for transportation planning practice in the United States","volume":"46","author":"Martens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Policy Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2021.2016476","article-title":"Equity in Accessibility","volume":"88","author":"Martens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Plann. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0190","author":"MBTA Press Office"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0195","unstructured":"Metro\u2019s Recovery Task Force, 2021. A Path Forward."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0200","unstructured":"MTA Headquarters, 2020. MTA Implements \u201cNY Essential Service Plan\u201d to Move Healthcare Workers, First Responders and Other Essential Personnel on Frontlines of the COVID-19 Crisis [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.mta.info\/press-release\/mta-headquarters\/mta-implements-%E2%80%9Cny-essential-service-plan%E2%80%9D-move-healthcare-workers (accessed 7.22.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0205","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2005. Continuity of Operations (COOP) Planning Guidelines for Transportation Agencies. The Natioanl Academies Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0210","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2014. A Guide for Public Transportation Pandemic Planning and Response (NCHRP Report No. 769). The Natitioanl Academies Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2021.1886974","article-title":"Riders Who Avoided Public Transit During COVID-19","volume":"87","author":"Palm","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Plann. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.07.005","article-title":"Public transit use in the United States in the era of COVID-19: Transit riders\u2019 travel behavior in the COVID-19 impact and recovery period","volume":"111","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0225","article-title":"Pandemic transit: examining transit use changes and equity implications in Boston, Houston, and Los Angeles","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0230","unstructured":"Sam Schwartz Consulting, APTA, 2020. Public Transit and COVID-19 Pandemic: Global Research and Best Practices."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_bib301","series-title":"The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America","author":"Rothstein","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0235","author":"SEPTA press office"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0240","author":"SEPTA press office"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0245","author":"SEPTA press office"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0250","author":"SEPTA press office"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0255","unstructured":"SFMTA, 2018. Muni Service Equity Strategy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115291","article-title":"Prevention and control of COVID-19 in public transportation: Experience from China","volume":"266","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-014-9547-0","article-title":"Public transportation objectives and rider demographics: are transit\u2019s priorities poor public policy?","volume":"42","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0270","unstructured":"Transit, 2020. Who\u2019s left riding public transit? A Covid-data deep dive. Medium. URL https:\/\/medium.com\/transit-app\/whos-left-riding-public-transit-hint-it-s-not-white-people-d43695b3974a (accessed 6.14.20)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0275","unstructured":"Union Internationale des Transports Publics, n.d. Preparing for a better future: How transport authorities have managed the crisis [WWW Document]. UITP. URL https:\/\/www.uitp.org\/publications\/preparing-for-a-better-future-how-transport-authorities-have-managed-the-crisis\/ (accessed 8.31.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0280","unstructured":"US Department of Homeland Security, 2008. Mass Transit Sub-Sector Pandemic Guideline. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102798","article-title":"Transport and mobility justice: Evolving discussions","volume":"87","author":"Verlinghieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0290","unstructured":"WMATA Press Office, 2020. Metro announces additional COVID-19 changes, including reduced service beginning Monday [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.wmata.com\/about\/news\/Metro-announces-additional-COVID-19-changes.cfm (accessed 7.23.21)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102387","article-title":"Accessibility to transit, by transit, and property prices: Spatially varying relationships","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412217716439","article-title":"Gentrification, Displacement, and the Role of Public Investment","volume":"33","author":"Zuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit."}],"container-title":["Case Studies on Transport Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213624X23000433?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213624X23000433?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:29:13Z","timestamp":1761989353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213624X23000433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S2213624X23000433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-624X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-624X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluating public transit agency responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in seven U.S. regions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cstp.2023.100989","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 World Conference on Transport Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100989"}}