{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:30:07Z","timestamp":1785796207393,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T11:54:36Z","timestamp":1585655676000},"page":"101154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Medical cannabis as an alternative therapeutics for Parkinsons\u2019 disease: Systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3006-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Bougea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Koros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athina-Maria","family":"Simitsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysa","family":"Chrysovitsanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Leonardos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Stefanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib1","first-page":"939","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, the Lancet","volume":"17","author":"Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13215","article-title":"Cannabinoid-dopamine interactions in the physiology and physiopathology of the basal ganglia","volume":"173","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib3","first-page":"106","article-title":"[Cannabis in Parkinson's disease: hype or help?]","volume":"86","author":"Mainka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26142","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders, Movement disorders","volume":"30","author":"Kluger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Off. J. Movement Disord. Soc."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease, Movement disorders","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Off. J. Movement Disord. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib7","series-title":"Assessing Risk of Bias in Included Studies","author":"Higgins","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.5.436","article-title":"Marijuana for parkinsonian tremor","volume":"53","author":"Frankel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20111","article-title":"Survey on cannabis use in Parkinson's disease: subjective improvement of motor symptoms, Movement disorders","volume":"19","author":"Venderova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Off. J. Movement Disord. Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108096519","article-title":"Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Zuardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000016","article-title":"Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: an open-label observational study","volume":"37","author":"Lotan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib13","article-title":"Self-reported efficacy of cannabis and other complementary medicine modalities by Parkinson's disease patients in Colorado, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine","volume":"2015","author":"Finseth","year":"2015","journal-title":"eCAM"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000437","article-title":"Pain in extrapyramidal neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"33","author":"Yust-Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.942","article-title":"Effect of medical cannabis on thermal quantitative measurements of pain in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Shohet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000246","article-title":"Medical cannabis in Parkinson disease: real-life patients' experience","volume":"40","author":"Balash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2017.07.002","article-title":"Cannabis use in people with Parkinson's disease and Multiple Sclerosis: a web-based investigation","volume":"33","author":"Kindred","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compl. Ther. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2108","article-title":"Cannabinoids reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study","volume":"57","author":"Sieradzan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140288.48796.8E","article-title":"Cannabis for dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: a randomized double-blind crossover study","volume":"63","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200405000-00003","article-title":"Neurokinin B, neurotensin, and cannabinoid receptor antagonists and Parkinson disease","volume":"27","author":"Mesnage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114550355","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease: an exploratory double-blind trial","volume":"28","author":"Chagas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119895536","article-title":"Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"34","author":"de Faria","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3384\/hygiea.1403-8668.1613195","article-title":"The IHO as actor: the case of cannabis and the Single convention on narcotic drugs 1961","volume":"13","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hygiea Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib24","first-page":"237","article-title":"How drug control policy and practice undermine access to controlled medicines","volume":"19","author":"Burke-Shyne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health and human rights"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib25","article-title":"Cannabis and its secondary metabolites: their use as therapeutic drugs","volume":"6","author":"Goncalves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination, Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib26","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Medical use of cannabis: Italian and European legislation","volume":"22","author":"Zaami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib27","article-title":"Medicinal use of cannabis based products and cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Freeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","article-title":"Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"Whiting","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045128","volume":"13","author":"Pacula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-019-0783-9","article-title":"Cannabis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Atherosclerosis Rep."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4745-13.2014","article-title":"Cannabis use is quantitatively associated with nucleus accumbens and amygdala abnormalities in young adult recreational users","volume":"34","author":"Gilman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. : Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib32","first-page":"1505","article-title":"Daily marijuana use is not associated with brain morphometric measures in adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Weiland","year":"2015","journal-title":"or adults"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib33","first-page":"690","volume":"64","author":"Ortiz-Medina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Consump. Psychosis Schizophrenia Develop."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.039","article-title":"Daily cannabis use: a novel risk factor of steatosis severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"134","author":"Hezode","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.08.014","article-title":"Cannabis use during pregnancy: pharmacokinetics and effects on child development","volume":"182","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1076","article-title":"Marijuana use by breastfeeding mothers and cannabinoid concentrations in breast milk","volume":"142","author":"Bertrand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-10-2","article-title":"Perceptions of cannabis as a stigmatized medicine: a qualitative descriptive study","volume":"10","author":"Bottorff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib38","first-page":"7203259","volume":"vol. 2017","author":"Maffoni","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib39","first-page":"33","article-title":"Marijuana for Parkinson's disease?","volume":"16","author":"Mohanty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innovat. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.004","article-title":"Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing","volume":"49","author":"MacCallum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154_bib41","article-title":"Pros and cons of marijuana in treatment of Parkinson's disease","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744388119309867?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1744388119309867?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:48:59Z","timestamp":1761677339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1744388119309867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1744388119309867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-3881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-3881","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Medical cannabis as an alternative therapeutics for Parkinsons\u2019 disease: Systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101154"}}