{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:30:35Z","timestamp":1787920235158,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]],"date-time":"2025-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ctro.science","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:35:19Z","timestamp":1736210119000},"page":"100914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Large language models for pretreatment education in pediatric radiation oncology: A comparative evaluation study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0846-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Wawrzuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Napieralska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ludwikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2181-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laimonas","family":"Jaru\u0161evi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7796-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasija","family":"Trofimovi\u010da-Krasnorucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8501-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gints","family":"Rausis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Szulc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"P\u0119dziwiatr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5603-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Pol\u00e1chov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Klejdysz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzanna","family":"Chojnacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.09.024","article-title":"Pediatric radiotherapy utilization rate (PUR) in a large pediatric oncology center in Low-\/Middle-Income country (LIMC): Report on 14473 patients","volume":"114","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0010","article-title":"The evolving role of radiotherapy for pediatric cancers with advancements in molecular tumor characterization and targeted therapies","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141086","article-title":"Children undergoing radiotherapy: Swedish parents\u2019 experiences and suggestions for improvement","volume":"10","author":"\u00c5ngstr\u00f6m-Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/10031","article-title":"Reliability of cancer treatment information on the internet: observational study","volume":"4","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0025","article-title":"Changes in satisfaction and anxiety about radiotherapy for pediatric cancer by two-step audio-visual instruction","volume":"27","author":"Fuji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tech Innov Patient Support Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0030","article-title":"Exposure and reactions to cancer treatment misinformation and advice: survey study","volume":"28","author":"Lazard","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00370-1","article-title":"The future landscape of large language models in medicine","volume":"3","author":"Clusmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838","article-title":"Comparing physician and artificial intelligence chatbot responses to patient questions posted to a public social media forum","volume":"183","author":"Ayers","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04353-z","article-title":"Chat GPT versus human touch in stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"163","author":"Dayawansa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0050","article-title":"Fine-tuning medical language models for enhanced long-contextual understanding and domain expertise","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.06.2497","article-title":"Evaluating the reliability of Chat-GPT model responses for radiation oncology patient inquiries","volume":"117","author":"Floyd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4630","article-title":"Quality of large language model responses to radiation oncology patient care questions","volume":"7","author":"Yalamanchili","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0065","unstructured":"OpenAI. GPT. OpenAI; 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0070","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prompt engineering in consistency and reliability with the evidence-based guideline for LLMs","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Digit Med Nat Publ Group"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1348\/000711006X126600","article-title":"Computing inter\u2010rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement","volume":"61","author":"Gwet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Math Stat Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0080","unstructured":"Tkachenko M, Malyuk M, Holmanyuk A, Liubimov N. Label Studio: Data labeling software. 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0085","series-title":"Corsini Encycl Psychol","article-title":"Kruskal\u2010Wallis Test","author":"McKight","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.F. Woolson Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank test. R.B. D\u2019Agostino L. Sullivan J. Massaro editors. Wiley Encycl Clin Trials 1st ed Wiley; 2008. p. 1\u20133. 10.1002\/9780471462422.eoct979ISBN:978-0-471-35203-7.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471462422.eoct979"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12131","article-title":"When to use the Bonferroni correction","volume":"34","author":"Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0100","article-title":"Exploring capabilities of large language models such as ChatGPT in radiation oncology","volume":"9","author":"Dennst\u00e4dt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199001000-00004","article-title":"Patient information-seeking behaviors when communicating with doctors","volume":"28","author":"Beisecker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2023.22","article-title":"Exploring the role of ChatGPT in patient care (diagnosis and treatment) and medical research: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Promot Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0115","unstructured":"chat.openai.com Traffic Analytics, Ranking & Audience [June 2024]. Similarweb. Available from: https:\/\/www.similarweb.com\/website\/chat.openai.com\/ [accessed Jul 25, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.109978","article-title":"Pilot applications of GPT-4 in radiation oncology: Summarizing patient symptom intake and targeted chatbot applications","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol Elsevier"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03180-7","article-title":"Influence of believed AI involvement on the perception of digital medical advice","author":"Reis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0130","series-title":"The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination","first-page":"1","author":"Dovidio","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0135","article-title":"Verbosity Bias in Preference Labeling by Large Language Models","volume":"10.48550\/arXiv","author":"Saito","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0140","unstructured":"Chang EY. Examining gpt-4: Capabilities, implications and future directions. 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.110008","article-title":"The rise of negative portrayals of radiation oncology: A textual analysis of media news","volume":"190","author":"Wawrzuta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.109894","article-title":"Potential of ChatGPT in facilitating research in radiation oncology?","volume":"188","author":"Guckenberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2024.04.019","article-title":"ChatGPT performance on radiation technologist and therapist entry to practice exams","volume":"55","author":"Duggan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0160","article-title":"Evaluating large language models on a highly-specialized topic, radiation oncology physics","volume":"17","author":"Holmes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0165","article-title":"Large language models to help appeal denied radiotherapy services","volume":"8","author":"Kiser","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO Clin Cancer Inform"},{"issue":"7972","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2","article-title":"Large language models encode clinical knowledge","volume":"620","author":"Singhal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0175","article-title":"Clinical camel: an open expert-level medical language model with dialogue-based knowledge encoding","author":"Toma","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0180","series-title":"Proc 2024 Annu Int ACM SIGIR Conf Res Dev Inf Retr Asia Pac Reg Tokyo Japan","first-page":"12","article-title":"Tuning vs. Retrieval augmented generation for less popular knowledge","author":"Soudani","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914_b0185","unstructured":"GPT-4o mini: advancing cost-efficient intelligence. Available from: https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/gpt-4o-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-intelligence\/ [accessed Jul 25, 2024]."}],"container-title":["Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405630825000047?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405630825000047?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T16:28:35Z","timestamp":1751214515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405630825000047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S2405630825000047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-6308"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-6308","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Large language models for pretreatment education in pediatric radiation oncology: A comparative evaluation study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100914","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100914"}}