{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:17:21Z","timestamp":1783397841195,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016378","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dortmund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["271512359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["271512359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ctro.science","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T23:14:40Z","timestamp":1778368480000},"page":"101183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Six-month evaluation of normal mouse brain side effects: Comparing FLASH and conventional proton partial brain irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4524-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Bernabei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9886-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindi","family":"Nexhipi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8205-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Bodenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0707-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"L\u00fchr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4128-5498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Pawelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sch\u00fcrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5262-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9783-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antje","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0582-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elke","family":"Beyreuther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1107","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190237","article-title":"Proton therapy for brain tumours in the area of evidence-based medicine","volume":"93","author":"Weber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318194","article-title":"Proton or photon? Comparison of survival and toxicity of two radiotherapy modalities among pediatric brain cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Kiss-Miki","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00726-6","article-title":"Neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric brain tumors after treatment with proton versus photon radiation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Lassaletta","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.03.013","article-title":"Late contrast enhancing brain lesions in proton-treated patients with low-grade glioma: clinical evidence for increased periventricular sensitivity and variable RBE","volume":"107","author":"Bahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-022-01994-3","article-title":"DEGRO practical guideline for central nervous system radiation necrosis part 1: classification and a multistep approach for diagnosis","volume":"198","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.02.010","article-title":"Longitudinal observation of radiation-induced cognitive impairment and emotional dysfunction: based on animal model and clinical cohort","volume":"572","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-019-0407-3","article-title":"New frontiers in proton therapy: applications in cancers","volume":"39","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-061421-022217","article-title":"Reinventing radiobiology in the light of FLASH radiotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Limoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cancer Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.05.014","article-title":"Pencil beam scanning proton FLASH maintains tumor control while normal tissue damage is reduced in a mouse model","volume":"175","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.05.038","article-title":"Normal tissue sparing by FLASH as a function of single-fraction dose: a quantitative analysis","volume":"114","author":"B\u00f6hlen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.04.071","article-title":"Proton FLASH: impact of dose rate and split dose on acute skin toxicity in a murine model","volume":"120","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.05.003","article-title":"Irradiation in a flash: unique sparing of memory in mice after whole brain irradiation with dose rates above 100 Gy\/s","volume":"124","author":"Montay-Gruel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94534-9","article-title":"Effects of whole brain proton irradiation at conventional or ultra\u2013high dose rate (FLASH), in adult male Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1373453","article-title":"Electron FLASH radiotherapy in vivo studies: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Giannini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.2.r99au42475","article-title":"Delayed vascular injury after single high-dose irradiation in the rat brain: histologic, immunohistochemical, and angiographic studies","volume":"212","author":"M\u00fcnter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.598360","article-title":"Late side effects in normal mouse brain tissue after proton irradiation","volume":"10","author":"Suckert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0085","article-title":"Cell-specific analysis of microglia following partial brain proton irradiation in mice","volume":"54","author":"Nexhipi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.2340\/1651-226X.2025.44056","article-title":"Radiation-induced changes of reactive astrocyte distribution in mice as a late response to partial-brain proton irradiation","volume":"64","author":"Hegering","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8286","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158286","article-title":"Microglia as therapeutic target for radiation-induced brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1575022","article-title":"Neuroimmune crosstalk in chronic neuroinflammation: microglial interactions and immune modulation","volume":"19","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.14338\/IJPT-18-00008.1","article-title":"Research facility for radiobiological studies at the University Proton Therapy Dresden","volume":"5","author":"Beyreuther","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Part Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1594973","article-title":"The research beamlines at the Dresden proton therapy facility: available infrastructure and experimental capabilities","volume":"15","author":"Horst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2024.110507","article-title":"Recording and reporting of ultra-high dose rate \u201cFLASH\u201d delivery for preclinical and clinical settings","volume":"200","author":"B\u00f6hlen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2023.1213779","article-title":"Passive SOBP generation from a static proton pencil beam using 3D-printed range modulators for FLASH experiments","volume":"11","author":"Horst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901777116","article-title":"Long-term neurocognitive benefits of FLASH radiotherapy driven by reduced reactive oxygen species","volume":"116","author":"Montay-Gruel","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00411-9","article-title":"Oxygen supplementation in anesthesia can block FLASH effect and anti-tumor immunity in conventional proton therapy","volume":"3","author":"Iturri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.982417","article-title":"Combined proton radiography and irradiation for high-precision preclinical studies in small animals","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00060-C","article-title":"Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European organization for research and treatment of cancer (EORTC)","volume":"31","author":"Cox","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.109591","article-title":"Slice2Volume: fusion of multimodal medical imaging and light microscopy data of irradiation-injured brain tissue in 3D","volume":"182","author":"Soltwedel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210888","article-title":"Iba-1-\/CD68+ microglia are a prominent feature of age-associated deep subcortical white matter lesions","volume":"14","author":"Waller","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82305","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12929","article-title":"Cranial irradiation induces transient microglia accumulation, followed by long-lasting inflammation and loss of microglia","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997786","article-title":"Microglia morphophysiological diversity and its implications for the CNS","volume":"13","author":"Vidal-Itriago","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1427667","article-title":"Spread-out Bragg peak FLASH: quantifying normal tissue toxicity in a murine model","volume":"14","author":"Kristensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2025.110796","article-title":"Electron vs proton FLASH radiation on murine skin toxicity","volume":"206","author":"Kristensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.12.022","article-title":"In vivo validation and tissue sparing factor for acute damage of pencil beam scanning proton FLASH","volume":"167","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060417","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: mechanisms, dual roles, and therapeutic strategies in neurological disorders","volume":"47","author":"Garc\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X12000063","article-title":"Functions of microglia in the central nervous system \u2013 beyond the immune response","volume":"7","author":"Wake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.11.011","article-title":"Increased relative biological effectiveness and periventricular radiosensitivity in proton therapy of glioma patients","volume":"178","author":"Eulitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0200","article-title":"Brain region- and sex-specific transcriptional profiles of microglia","volume":"13","author":"Barko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.037","article-title":"High resolution three-dimensional brain atlas using an average magnetic resonance image of 40 adult C57Bl\/6J mice","volume":"42","author":"Dorr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405630826000789?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405630826000789?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:47:36Z","timestamp":1783396056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405630826000789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S2405630826000789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-6308"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-6308","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Six-month evaluation of normal mouse brain side effects: Comparing FLASH and conventional proton partial brain irradiation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctro.2026.101183","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101183"}}