{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:34:46Z","timestamp":1791862486113,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,4,6]],"date-time":"2027-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1806969600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":370,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T16:52:17Z","timestamp":1775494337000},"page":"R286-R298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["REM-sleep twitching in adults and the maintenance of specialized sensorimotor systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail G.","family":"Myroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saisha","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Sokoloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Dooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2759","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying spontaneous patterned activity in developing neural circuits","volume":"11","author":"Blankenship","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1163\/156853971X00357","article-title":"Prenatal development of spontaneous and evoked activity in the rat (Rattus norvegicus albinus)","volume":"40","author":"Narayanan","year":"1971","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(77)90008-9","article-title":"Sleep and the beginnings of behavior in the animal kingdom \u2014 Studies of ultradian motility cycles in early life","volume":"8","author":"Corner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.075","article-title":"Twitching in sensorimotor development from sleeping rats to robots","volume":"23","author":"Blumberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21954","article-title":"Spatiotemporal organization of myoclonic twitching in sleeping human infants","volume":"62","author":"Sokoloff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.08.005","article-title":"Sleep, plasticity, and sensory neurodevelopment","volume":"110","author":"Blumberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib7","first-page":"140","article-title":"Beyond dreams: Do sleep-related movements contribute to brain development?","volume":"1","author":"Blumberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.12.002","article-title":"A new view of \u201cdream enactment\u201d in REM sleep behavior disorder","volume":"39","author":"Blumberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib9","first-page":"449","article-title":"Phasic changes in muscular activity during desynchronized sleep in unrestrained cats. An analysis of the pattern and organization of myoclonic twitches","volume":"102","author":"Gassel","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1038\/2091218a0","article-title":"Rubrospinal influences during desynchronized sleep","volume":"209","author":"Gassel","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364696","article-title":"Vestibular influences on the red nucleus during sleep","volume":"298","author":"Pompeiano","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib12","first-page":"369","article-title":"Activity of the red nucleus during deep desynchronized sleep in unrestrained cats","volume":"103","author":"Gassel","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib13","first-page":"538","article-title":"Pyramidal discharge from somatosensory cortex and cortical control of primary afferents during sleep","volume":"103","author":"Morrison","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-017-1525-6","article-title":"Predictive brains, dreaming selves, sleeping bodies: how the analysis of dream movement can inform a theory of self- and world-simulation in dreams","volume":"195","author":"Windt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.05.003","article-title":"Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations","volume":"98","author":"Hobson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38213","article-title":"Corollary discharge in precerebellar nuclei of sleeping infant rats","volume":"7","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.10.014","article-title":"Movements during sleep reveal the developmental emergence of a cerebellar-dependent internal model in motor thalamus","volume":"31","author":"Dooley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2345-23.2024","article-title":"Developmentally unique cerebellar processing prioritizes self- over other-generated movements","volume":"44","author":"Richardson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib19","article-title":"A transient feature of the inferior olive supports the development of cerebellar internal models","author":"Richardson","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.07.003","article-title":"Phantom limbs, neuroprosthetics, and the developmental origins of embodiment","volume":"40","author":"Blumberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.02.010","article-title":"Dynamics of active sensing and perceptual selection","volume":"20","author":"Schroeder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0167","article-title":"Active touch sensing","volume":"366","author":"Prescott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.06.009","article-title":"Theoretical perspectives on active sensing","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0156","article-title":"Active vibrissal sensing in rodents and marsupials","volume":"366","author":"Mitchinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.002","article-title":"The magnificent compromise: cortical field evolution in mammals","volume":"56","author":"Krubitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib26","series-title":"Evolution of Nervous Systems. Volume 3 \u2014 Mammals","first-page":"189","article-title":"Evolution of the somatosensory system \u2014 Clues from specialized species","author":"Catania","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba0398","article-title":"Unraveling why we sleep: Quantitative analysis reveals abrupt transition from neural reorganization to repair in early development","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.08.055","article-title":"Spatiotemporal structure of REM sleep twitching reveals developmental origins of motor synergies","volume":"23","author":"Blumberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.05.038","article-title":"Twitches emerge postnatally during quiet sleep in human infants and are synchronized with sleep spindles","volume":"31","author":"Sokoloff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02518-X","article-title":"Mesopontine contribution to the expression of active \u201ctwitch\u201d sleep in decerebrate week-old rats","volume":"872","author":"Kreider","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib31","article-title":"Subcortically generated movements activate motor cortex during sleep and wake in rats through postnatal day 24","author":"Reid","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0592","article-title":"Whisker touch sensing guides locomotion in small, quadrupedal mammals","volume":"285","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib33","first-page":"147","article-title":"The musculature of the mystacial vibrissae of the white mouse","volume":"135","author":"D\u00f6rfl","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.0347","article-title":"Feedback control in active sensing: rat exploratory whisking is modulated by environmental contact","volume":"274","author":"Mitchinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.09.017","article-title":"The functional organization of the barrel cortex","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902290206","article-title":"Mapping the body representation in the SI cortex of anesthetized and awake rats","volume":"229","author":"Chapin","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032322","article-title":"The emergence of somatotopic maps of the body in S1 in rats: The correspondence between functional and anatomical organization","volume":"7","author":"Seelke","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901640107","article-title":"Comparative anatomical studies of the SmI face cortex in special reference to the barrels","volume":"164","author":"Woolsey","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01195-2","article-title":"Cortical regulation of two-stage rapid eye movement sleep","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2213438120","article-title":"The temporal structure of REM sleep shows minute-scale fluctuations across brain and body in mice and humans","volume":"120","author":"Bueno-Junior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0158-24.2024","article-title":"Thalamocortical dynamics during rapid eye movement sleep in the mouse somatosensory pathway","volume":"44","author":"Boscher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.09.009","article-title":"Rapid whisker movements in sleeping newborn rats","volume":"22","author":"Tiriac","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib43","first-page":"243","article-title":"Comparisons between brains of a large and a small hystricomorph rodent: Capybara, hydrochoerus and guinea pig, cavia; Neocortical projection regions and measurements of brain subdivisions","volume":"13","author":"Campos","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1163\/156853964X00030","article-title":"Analysis of sniffing of the albino rat","volume":"22","author":"Welker","year":"1964","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000543248","article-title":"Organization of the perioral representation of the primary somatosensory cortex in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)","volume":"100","author":"Pineda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/66.2.89","article-title":"Afferent areas in the brain of ungulates","volume":"66","author":"Adrian","year":"1943","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903060103","article-title":"Somatosensory cortex of the neonatal pig: I. Topographic organization of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI)","volume":"306","author":"Craner","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903510206","article-title":"Organization of somatosensory cortex in monotremes: In search of the prototypical plan","volume":"351","author":"Krubitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.10.1447","article-title":"Electroreception in monotremes","volume":"202","author":"Pettigrew","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00588-0","article-title":"Sleep in the platypus","volume":"91","author":"Siegel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0128","article-title":"The sense of touch in the star-nosed mole: from mechanoreceptors to the brain","volume":"366","author":"Catania","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901810403","article-title":"Somatotopic organization of mechanosensory projections to SII cerebral neocortex in the raccoon (Procyon lotor)","volume":"181","author":"Herron","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901110306","article-title":"Somatic sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of the raccoon","volume":"111","author":"Welker","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwaniuk, A.N., and Whishaw, I.Q. (1999). How skilled are the skilled limb movements of the raccoon (Procyon lotor)? Behav. Brain Res. 99, 35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0166-4328(98)00067-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(98)00067-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01178.x","article-title":"Tongues, tentacles and trunks: the biomechanics of movement in muscular-hydrostats","volume":"83","author":"Kier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.22237\/elephant\/1521731845","article-title":"Behavior associated with feeding in captive African and Asian elephants","volume":"1","author":"Racine","year":"1980","journal-title":"Elephant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq2789","article-title":"Elephant facial motor control","volume":"8","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.09.007","article-title":"Dense reconstruction of elephant trunk musculature","volume":"33","author":"Longren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199609)246:1<127::AID-AR14>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"The sensorineural specializations of the trunk tip (finger) of the asian elephant, elephas maximus","volume":"246","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04945-5","article-title":"The functional anatomy of elephant trunk whiskers","volume":"6","author":"Deiringer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.12.051","article-title":"Trigeminal ganglion and sensory nerves suggest tactile specialization of elephants","volume":"32","author":"Purkart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib62","first-page":"RP94142","article-title":"A myelin map of trunk folds in the elephant trigeminal nucleus","volume":"13","author":"Reveyaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00046","article-title":"The elephant brain in numbers","volume":"8","author":"Herculano-Houzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22425","article-title":"Elephants have relatively the largest cerebellum size of mammals","volume":"295","author":"Maseko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Behavioral sleep in the Asian elephant in captivity","volume":"15","author":"Tobler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1976.tb00204.x","article-title":"The biology of aardvark (Tubulidentata-Orycteropodidae)","volume":"6","author":"Melton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mammal Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/313477a0","article-title":"A variant of the mammalian somatotopic map in a bat","volume":"313","author":"Calford","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902480208","article-title":"Somatosensory cortical representation in the Australian ghost bat, Macroderma gigas","volume":"248","author":"Wise","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.04.094","article-title":"Coevolution of motor cortex and behavioral specializations associated with flight and echolocation in bats","volume":"32","author":"Halley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5692","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072097999","article-title":"Somatosensory cortex dominated by the representation of teeth in the naked mole-rat brain","volume":"99","author":"Catania","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20883","article-title":"Organization of somatosensory cortical areas in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber)","volume":"495","author":"Henry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/08990229870673","article-title":"Organization of the forepaw representation in ferret somatosensory cortex","volume":"15","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902020411","article-title":"Magnification functions and receptive field sequences for submodality-specific bands in SI cortex of cats","volume":"202","author":"Dykes","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(65)90057-9","article-title":"Population and modality characteristics of neurons in the coronal region of somatosensory area I of the cat","volume":"11","author":"Morse","year":"1965","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.100","article-title":"How animals move: An integrative view","volume":"288","author":"Dickinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1941.sp003932","article-title":"Afferent discharges to the cerebral cortex from peripheral sense organs","volume":"100","author":"Adrian","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1956.19.6.485","article-title":"Somatic afferent areas I and II of dog\u2019s cerebral cortex","volume":"19","author":"Hamuy","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003653","article-title":"From spontaneous motor activity to coordinated behaviour: A developmental model","volume":"10","author":"Marques","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S233439","article-title":"Finger twitches are more frequent in REM sleep than in non-REM sleep","volume":"12","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022511","article-title":"Finger electromyographic activity during sleep: Its relation to dreaming in deaf and normal subjects","volume":"70","author":"Stoyva","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03332001","article-title":"Muscle twitch activity during REM sleep: Effect of sleep deprivation and relation with rapid eye movement activity","volume":"28","author":"Gennaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00853.x","article-title":"Facial muscle activation during sleep and its relation to the rapid eye movements of REM sleep","volume":"20","author":"Rivera-Garc\u00eda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-196501000-00003","article-title":"The concurrence of fine muscle activity and rapid eye movements during sleep","volume":"27","author":"Baldridge","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa003","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa003","article-title":"The \u2018creatures\u2019 of the human cortical somatosensory system","volume":"2","author":"Saadon-Grosman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.5.1020","article-title":"Cortical sensory representation of the human hand: Size of finger regions and nonoverlapping digit somatotopy","volume":"42","author":"Sutherling","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24861","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912636116","article-title":"Body map proto-organization in newborn macaques","volume":"116","author":"Arcaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.66.3.1048","article-title":"Reorganization of somatosensory area 3b representations in adult owl monkeys after digital syndactyly","volume":"66","author":"Allard","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib88","series-title":"Freaks of Nature: What Anomalies Tell Us About Development and Evolution","author":"Blumberg","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.08.027","article-title":"Organized toe maps in extreme foot users","volume":"28","author":"Dempsey-Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02037-7","article-title":"Stable cortical body maps before and after arm amputation","volume":"28","author":"Schone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.09.004","article-title":"Distinct functional roles of primate grasping hands and feet during arboreal quadrupedal locomotion","volume":"88","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2003.06.001","article-title":"Feet first: object exploration in young infants","volume":"27","author":"Galloway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027235","article-title":"Oculomotor control: A possible function of REM sleep","volume":"76","author":"Berger","year":"1969","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6844929","article-title":"Modifying oculomotor activity in awake subjects increases the amplitude of eye movements during REM sleep","volume":"220","author":"Herman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(95)00090-L","article-title":"The complementary relationship between waking and REM sleep in the oculomotor system: an increase of rightward saccades during waking causes a decrease of rightward eye movements during REM sleep","volume":"95","author":"Gennaro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1968.27.1.99","article-title":"Characteristics of REM sleep following different conditioned rates of waking eye movement in the monkey","volume":"27","author":"Berger","year":"1968","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8322","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0564-15.2015","article-title":"Sensorimotor processing in the newborn rat red nucleus during active sleep","volume":"35","author":"Rio-Bermudez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib98","first-page":"569","article-title":"Vestibular influences during sleep. I. Abolition of the rapid eye movements of desynchronized sleep following vestibular lesions","volume":"103","author":"Pompeiano","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib99","first-page":"214","article-title":"Vestibular influences during sleep. II. Effects of vestibular lesions on the pyramidal discharge during desynchronized sleep","volume":"104","author":"Morrison","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(88)90072-1","article-title":"Evolution of the red nucleus and rubrospinal tract","volume":"28","author":"Donkelaar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.686481","article-title":"Corticospinal vs rubrospinal revisited: An evolutionary perspective for sensorimotor integration","volume":"15","author":"Olivares-Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02171-x","article-title":"Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences","volume":"226","author":"Basile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.11.006","article-title":"Pathways for control of face and neck musculature by the basal ganglia and cerebellum","volume":"58","author":"Pong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236312","article-title":"Difference in projections to the lateral and medial facial nucleus: anatomically separate pathways for rhythmical vibrissa movement in rats","volume":"65","author":"Isokawa-Akesson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006623","article-title":"A comparative neuroanatomical study of the red nucleus of the cat, macaque and human","volume":"4","author":"Onodera","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/107385849900500411","article-title":"Evolution of the motor system: Why the elephant\u2019s trunk works like a human\u2019s hand","volume":"5","author":"Onodera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01221-2","article-title":"Internal models in the cerebellum","volume":"2","author":"Wolpert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153135","article-title":"Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control","volume":"33","author":"Shadmehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00853.x","article-title":"Facial muscle activation during sleep and its relation to the rapid eye movements of REM sleep","volume":"20","author":"Rivera-Garc\u00eda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00578.x","article-title":"Facial muscle tonus during REM and NREM sleep","volume":"11","author":"Bliwise","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.41.020190.003013","article-title":"The atonia and myoclonia of active (REM) sleep","volume":"41","author":"Chase","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib112","series-title":"Evolution of Nervous Systems","first-page":"269","article-title":"Developmental and comparative insights into the origins and functions of sleep","author":"Blumberg","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.11.045","article-title":"What Is REM sleep?","volume":"30","author":"Blumberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.116.189589","article-title":"Sleep and development in genetically tractable model organisms","volume":"203","author":"Kayser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-013-1313-3","article-title":"Call it sleep \u2014 what animals without backbones can tell us about the phylogeny of intrinsically generated neuromotor rhythms during early development","volume":"29","author":"Corner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-015-1557-1","article-title":"Perchance to dream? Primordial motor activity patterns in vertebrates from fish to mammals: their prenatal origin, postnatal persistence during sleep, and pathological reemergence during REM sleep behavior disorder","volume":"31","author":"Corner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.026773","article-title":"The development of motor coordination in Drosophila embryos","volume":"135","author":"Crisp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib118","first-page":"604","article-title":"Behavioral and genetic features of sleep ontogeny in Drosophila","volume":"152","author":"Dilley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.10.005","article-title":"An electrically coupled pioneer circuit enables motor development via proprioceptive feedback in Drosophila embryos","volume":"31","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.08.022","article-title":"Mechanosensory input during circuit formation shapes Drosophila motor behavior through patterned spontaneous network activity","volume":"31","author":"Carreira-Rosario","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204754119","article-title":"Regularly occurring bouts of retinal movements suggest an REM sleep\u2013like state in jumping spiders","volume":"119","author":"R\u00f6\u00dfler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.09.060","article-title":"Pupillary behavior during wakefulness, non-REM sleep, and REM sleep in birds is opposite that of mammals","volume":"31","author":"Ungurean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38669-1","article-title":"Wide-spread brain activation and reduced CSF flow during avian REM sleep","volume":"14","author":"Ungurean","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib124","series-title":"Sturkie\u2019s Avian Physiology","first-page":"55","article-title":"The avian somatosensory system: A comparative view","author":"Wild","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02159-y","article-title":"Sleep-dependent infraslow rhythms are evolutionarily conserved across reptiles and mammals","volume":"29","author":"Bergel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.017426","article-title":"Caste-dependent sleep of worker honey bees","volume":"211","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-009-9173-4","article-title":"Polyphasic wake\/sleep episodes in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta","volume":"22","author":"Cassill","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060976","article-title":"Control of octopus arm extension by a peripheral motor program","volume":"293","author":"Sumbre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.09.008","article-title":"Embodied mechanisms of motor control in the octopus","volume":"33","author":"Hochner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib130","article-title":"Switching by cuttlefish of preying tactics targeted at moving prey","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00648","article-title":"Visual attack on the moving prey by cuttlefish","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003091","article-title":"Postnatal persistence of episodic spontaneous rapid-body-movement bursts and twitches in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis","volume":"150","author":"Corner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038125","article-title":"A preliminary analysis of sleep-like states in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis","volume":"7","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib134","first-page":"S68","article-title":"Sleep in the cuttlefish","volume":"56","author":"Duntley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06203-4","article-title":"Wake-like skin patterning and neural activity during octopus sleep","volume":"619","author":"Pophale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib136","series-title":"IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE)","first-page":"7866","article-title":"Emergent adaptive gait generation through Hebbian sensor-motor maps by morphological probing","author":"Dujany","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.006","article-title":"Computational mechanisms of sensorimotor control","volume":"72","author":"Franklin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/60.4.389","article-title":"Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation","volume":"60","author":"Penfield","year":"1937","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1126\/science.85.2207.388","article-title":"Cortical representation of tactile sensibility as indicated by cortical potentials","volume":"85","author":"Marshall","year":"1937","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00095-6","article-title":"Are topographic maps fundamental to sensory processing?","volume":"44","author":"Weinberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00620","article-title":"Cortical plasticity within and across lifetimes: how can development inform us about phenotypic transformations?","volume":"7","author":"Krubitzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2804","article-title":"Mapping the face in the somatosensory brainstem","volume":"11","author":"Erzurumlu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022406","article-title":"A star in the brainstem reveals the first step of cortical magnification","volume":"6","author":"Catania","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.1.91","article-title":"Topography of visual and somatosensory projections to mouse superior colliculus","volume":"39","author":"Dr\u00e4ger","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903120304","article-title":"Somatotopic component of the multisensory map in the deep laminae of the cat superior colliculus","volume":"312","author":"Meredith","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20591","article-title":"The development of whisker control in rats in relation to locomotion","volume":"54","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420230106","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of eye movements during REM-sleep in developing rats","volume":"23","author":"Someren","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abp8852","article-title":"A cognitive process occurring during sleep is revealed by rapid eye movements","volume":"377","author":"Senzai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib149","article-title":"The brain simulates actions and their consequences during REM sleep","author":"Senzai","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib150","article-title":"Adult zebra finches rehearse highly variable song patterns during sleep","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-024-01720-7","article-title":"Song-like activation of syringeal and respiratory muscles during sleep in canaries","volume":"211","author":"Fainstein","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17280","article-title":"Perceptually relevant remapping of human somatotopy in 24 hours","volume":"5","author":"Kolasinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3315-13.2014","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of motor cortex in the uninjured hemisphere after chronic unilateral injury promotes recovery of skilled locomotion through ipsilateral control","volume":"34","author":"Carmel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00051","article-title":"Motor cortex electrical stimulation augments sprouting of the corticospinal tract and promotes recovery of motor function","volume":"8","author":"Carmel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63020-1","article-title":"Ultrasound system for precise neuromodulation of human deep brain circuits","volume":"16","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa374","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the brainstem","volume":"144","author":"Elias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf410","article-title":"Does twitch-spindle coupling differ between N2 and N3 sleep in 6-month-olds?","author":"Christiansen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib158","article-title":"Twitching in sleeping premature infants provides a sensitive behavioral assay of early motor control","author":"Sokoloff","year":"2026","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109004649","article-title":"The pig model in brain imaging and neurosurgery","volume":"3","author":"Sauleau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68584","article-title":"Neural control of growth and size in the axolotl limb regenerate","volume":"10","author":"Wells","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12197","article-title":"Sleep in amphibians and reptiles: A review and a preliminary analysis of evolutionary patterns","volume":"91","author":"Libourel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Current Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960982226002356?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960982226002356?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:03:02Z","timestamp":1785877382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960982226002356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0960982226002356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-9822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-9822","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"REM-sleep twitching in adults and the maintenance of specialized sensorimotor systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.048","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}