{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:11:46Z","timestamp":1771632706230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:29:50Z","timestamp":1556584190000},"page":"263-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Is Electrical Nerve Stimulation the Answer for Management of Equine Headshaking?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Kirstie","family":"Pickles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01424.x","article-title":"Observations on headshaking in the horse","volume":"19","author":"Lane","year":"1987","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.334","article-title":"Owner survey of headshaking in horses","volume":"219","author":"Madigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.10.311","article-title":"Reported response to treatment among 245 cases of equine headshaking","volume":"150","author":"Mills","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12708","article-title":"Prevalence of headshaking within the equine population in the UK","volume":"50","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib5","first-page":"426","article-title":"Involuntary twitching of the head relieved by trifacial neurectomy","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"1897","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Med Vet Arch"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12191","article-title":"Sensory nerve conduction and somatosensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve in horses with idiopathic headshaking","volume":"27","author":"Aleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.03.031","article-title":"Idiopathic headshaking: is it still idiopathic? Review","volume":"201","author":"Pickles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/87.1.117","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia\u2013pathophysiology, diagnosis and current treatment","volume":"87","author":"Nurmikko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib9","series-title":"Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology","author":"De Lahunta","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib10","series-title":"Anatomy of the horse","author":"Budras","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12237","article-title":"Sensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve for the diagnosis of idiopathic headshaking in a horse","volume":"28","author":"Aleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00855.x","article-title":"Latent equine herpesvirus-1 in trigeminal ganglia and equine idiopathic headshaking","volume":"26","author":"Aleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.12.2347","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis","volume":"124","author":"Love","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200201000-00002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: the ignition hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Devor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib15","series-title":"The functional anatomy of the trigeminal nerve in the horse","author":"Newton","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00072","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve root demyelination not seen in six horses diagnosed with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8589","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-19-08589.1999","article-title":"Membrane potential oscillations in dorsal root ganglion neurons: role in normal excitogenesis and neuropathic pain","volume":"19","author":"Amir","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00251-7","article-title":"Tactile allodynia in the absence of C-fibre activation: altered firing properties of DRG neurons following spinal nerve injury","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00388-7","article-title":"Functional cross-excitation between afferent A and C neurons in dorsal root ganglia","volume":"95","author":"Amir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/46.1.152","article-title":"On the natural history of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"46","author":"Burchiel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03082.x","article-title":"Photic headshaking in the horse: 7 cases","volume":"27","author":"Madigan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.868","article-title":"The photic sneeze reflex: literature review and discussion","volume":"43","author":"Whitman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.14.5.483","article-title":"Sneezing in response to light","volume":"14","author":"Everett","year":"1964","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.12.5.183","article-title":"Headshaking in horses","volume":"9","author":"Mair","year":"1990","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c5992","article-title":"Use of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone vaccine in headshaking horses","volume":"168","author":"Pickles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8070102","article-title":"Alterations in metabolic status and headshaking behavior following intravenous administration of hypertonic solutions in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"8","author":"Sheldon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00618.x","article-title":"A\u00a0randomised, blinded, crossover study to assess the efficacy of a feed supplement in alleviating the clinical signs of headshaking in 32 horses","volume":"45","author":"Talbot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12394","article-title":"Neuromodulation using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of trigeminal-mediated headshaking: a safe procedure resulting in medium-term remission in five of seven horses","volume":"48","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib29","article-title":"Electroacupuncture as an additional treatment for headshaking in six horses","author":"Devereux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib30","unstructured":"Roberts VLH, Bailey M, Carslake HB, et\u00a0al. Safety and efficacy of equipens neuromodulation for the management of trigeminal-mediated headshaking in 168 horses. Equine Vet J, in press."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib31","first-page":"S12","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrostimulation techniques: historical aspects and current possibilities in treatment of pain and muscle wasting","volume":"79","author":"Heidland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3699.971","article-title":"Pain mechanisms: a new theory","volume":"150","author":"Melzack","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29376-9","article-title":"Blockade of opioid receptors in rostral ventral medulla prevents antihyperalgesia produced by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)","volume":"298","author":"Kalra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib34","author":"UK Department of Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01215.x","article-title":"Randomized double-blind sham-controlled crossover study of short-term effect of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in neuropathic pain","volume":"12","author":"Raphael","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000126874.08468.89","article-title":"Peripheral stimulation for treatment of trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal posttraumatic neuropathic pain: a pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.6.8","article-title":"Trigeminal and occipital peripheral nerve stimulation for craniofacial pain: a single-institution experience and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Slavin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib38","first-page":"673","article-title":"Deep tissue afferents, but not cutaneous afferents, mediate transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation\u2013induced antihyperalgesia","volume":"6","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(89)90048-8","article-title":"Influences of transcutaneous electrical stimulation of cutaneous and mixed nerves on subcortical and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials","volume":"74","author":"Nardone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.281","article-title":"Evaluation of electroacupuncture treatment of horses with signs of chronic thoracolumbar pain","volume":"227","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200102000-00042","article-title":"Electroanalgesia: its role in acute and chronic pain management","volume":"92","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.JNS14645","article-title":"Trigeminal branch stimulation for the treatment of intractable craniofacial pain","volume":"123","author":"Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(98)90016-7","article-title":"Neuromodulation of pain: a consensus statement prepared in Brussels 16\u201318 January 1998 by the following task force of the European Federation of IASP Chapters (EFIC)","volume":"2","author":"Gybels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073919300148?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073919300148?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:17:00Z","timestamp":1760069820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749073919300148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749073919300148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0739"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0739","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Is Electrical Nerve Stimulation the Answer for Management of Equine Headshaking?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}