{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:21:24Z","timestamp":1791390084034,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":372,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"NCATS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L40 TR001136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L40 TR001136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T07:58:06Z","timestamp":1657180686000},"page":"213-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy and Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Carrie J.","family":"Finno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.170.02.195","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"170","author":"Mayhew","year":"1977","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spinal cord disease in the horse","volume":"68","author":"Mayhew","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cornell Veterinarian"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588402100404","article-title":"Neuroaxonal dystrophy of the accessory cuneate nucleus in horses","volume":"21","author":"Beech","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib4","first-page":"43","article-title":"Neuroaxonal dystrophy in a two-year-old quarter horse filly","volume":"37","author":"Adams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can Vet J La Revue Veterinaire canadienne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80142-9","article-title":"Neuroaxonal dystrophy associated with vitamin E deficiency in two Haflinger horses","volume":"103","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00302-7","article-title":"Abnormal synaptic protein expression in two Arabian horses with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"166","author":"Siso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044864741","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in five Quarter Horses: clinical and neuropathological findings","volume":"36","author":"Gandini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1987.tb01985.x","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial","volume":"1","author":"Mayhew","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.06.1005","article-title":"Clinical, viral, and genetic evaluation of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in a family of Appaloosas","volume":"198","author":"Blythe","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.01.166","article-title":"Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values of horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"50","author":"Dill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.183.11.1266","article-title":"Myelopathy and vitamin E deficiency in six Mongolian wild horses","volume":"183","author":"Liu","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.12.1386","article-title":"Retrospective study of postmortem diagnoses of equine spinal ataxia in California (2005-2017)","volume":"258","author":"Hales","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00817.x","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in Lusitano horses","volume":"25","author":"Finno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.01.109","article-title":"Genetic studies of neuraxonal dystrophy in the Morgan","volume":"48","author":"Beech","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815598787","article-title":"Evidence of the Primary Afferent Tracts Undergoing Neurodegeneration in Horses With Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy Based on Calretinin Immunohistochemical Localization","volume":"53","author":"Finno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib16","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Equine degenerative myelencephalopathy: part I. Clinical signs and pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Blythe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0379.x","article-title":"Neuroaxonal dystrophy associated with cerebellar dysfunction in a 5-month-old Pony of the Americas colt","volume":"23","author":"Brosnahan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.6.823","article-title":"Evaluation of epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of neuroaxonal dystrophy in Quarter Horses","volume":"239","author":"Aleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.009","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling of equine vitamin E deficient neuroaxonal dystrophy identifies upregulation of liver X receptor target genes","volume":"101","author":"Finno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12417","article-title":"Pigment retinopathy in warmblood horses with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy and equine motor neuron disease","volume":"20","author":"Finno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.00997.x","article-title":"Electrophysiological studies in American Quarter horses with neuroaxonal dystrophy","volume":"15","author":"Finno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13977","article-title":"Concurrent Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy and Equine Motor Neuron Disease in Three Young Horses","volume":"30","author":"Finno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.12.1386","article-title":"Postmortem diagnoses of spinal ataxia in 316 horses in California","volume":"258","author":"Hales","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib24","first-page":"802","article-title":"A\u00a0retrospective study of nineteen ataxic horses","volume":"30","author":"Nappert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can Vet J La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.08.1300","article-title":"Factors associated with the development of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"51","author":"Dill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12015","article-title":"Pedigree analysis and exclusion of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) as a candidate gene for neuroaxonal dystrophy in the American Quarter Horse","volume":"27","author":"Finno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511163332003","article-title":"Adult-onset spinocerebellar dysfunction caused by a mutation in the gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein","volume":"333","author":"Gotoda","year":"1995","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612053352315","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa and ataxia caused by a mutation in the gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein","volume":"335","author":"Yokota","year":"1996","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.09.013","article-title":"Risk of false positive genetic associations in complex traits with underlying population structure: a case study","volume":"202","author":"Finno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11010082","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Study and Subsequent Exclusion of ATCAY as a Candidate Gene Involved in Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Using Two Animal Models","volume":"11","author":"Hales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15241","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress in equine neuroaxonal dystrophy","volume":"32","author":"Finno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.06.908","article-title":"Serially determined plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations and results of the oral vitamin E absorption test in clinically normal horses and in horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"52","author":"Blythe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13618","article-title":"Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid alpha-Tocopherol and Selenium Concentrations in Neonatal Foals with Neuroaxonal Dystrophy","volume":"29","author":"Finno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211005433","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of vitamin E and vitamin E metabolites in equine plasma and serum using LC-MS\/MS","volume":"33","author":"Habib","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3006","article-title":"Determination of vitamin E and its metabolites in equine urine using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"13","author":"Favro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16233","article-title":"Increased alpha-tocopherol metabolism in horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy","volume":"35","author":"Hales","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812439074","article-title":"Evidence of oxidative injury of the spinal cord in 2 horses with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"49","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13452","article-title":"Serum and cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy protein concentrations in equine neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"54","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib39","first-page":"63","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: prevalence, impact, and management","volume":"9","author":"Burns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00994.x","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative review of vitamin E and associated equine disorders","volume":"26","author":"Finno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12692","article-title":"Effects of feeding two RRR-alpha-tocopherol formulations on serum, cerebrospinal fluid and muscle alpha-tocopherol concentrations in horses with subclinical vitamin E deficiency","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4802","article-title":"alpha-Tocopherol concentrations in equine serum and cerebrospinal fluid after vitamin E supplementation","volume":"166","author":"Pusterla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Rec"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073922000165?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073922000165?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:20:42Z","timestamp":1760070042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749073922000165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749073922000165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0739"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0739","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy and Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}