{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:58:28Z","timestamp":1780678708230,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T07:59:14Z","timestamp":1657180754000},"page":"283-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neurologic Disorders of the Foal"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Martin O.","family":"Furr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.10.1644","article-title":"Causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in foals","volume":"204","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib2","first-page":"222","article-title":"Historical features, clinicopathologic findings, clinical features, and outcome of equine neonates presenting with or developing signs of central nervous system disease","volume":"41","author":"Bernard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Eq Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00508.x","article-title":"Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis","volume":"44","author":"Viu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib4","unstructured":"Sanchez LC, Lester GD. Equine neonatal sepsis: microbial isolates, antimicrobial resistance, and short and long-term outcomes. In: Davenport D, Patrdis M, editors. 18th Annual Veterinary Medical Forum 2000:223 - 224. Seatlle, WA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01950.x","article-title":"Clinical and clinicopathological characteristics of the septicaemic neonatal foal: Review of 38 cases","volume":"16","author":"Koterba","year":"1984","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)36485-0","article-title":"Septicaemia in the foal. A review of 61 cases","volume":"129","author":"Platt","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.05.009","article-title":"A\u00a0necropsy survey of neurologic diseases in 4,319 horses examined in Normandy (France) from 1986 - 2006","volume":"29","author":"Laugier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eq Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.9.1446","article-title":"Factors associated with survival of neonatal foals with bacteremia and racing performance of surviving Throughbred: 423 cases (1982 - 2007","volume":"233","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.02.353","article-title":"Equine congenital defects","volume":"46","author":"Crowe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1972.tb03892.x","article-title":"Modern concepts of neonatal disease in foals","volume":"4","author":"Rossdale","year":"1972","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib11","first-page":"691","article-title":"Neuropathology of the convulsive foal syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Palmer","year":"1975","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12120","article-title":"Birth transitions: Pathophysiology, the onset of consciousness and possible implications for neonatal maladjustment syndrome in the foal","volume":"45","author":"Diesch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2007.36742","article-title":"Birth and hatching: key events in the onset of awareness in the lamb and chick","volume":"55","author":"Mellor","year":"2007","journal-title":"NZ Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.01.006","article-title":"The importance of \u2018awareness\u2019 for understanding fetal pain","volume":"49","author":"Mellor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.04.002","article-title":"Neuroactive steroids in pregnancy: key regulatory and protective roles in the foetal brain","volume":"139","author":"Hirst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12265","article-title":"Programming the brain and behaviour by Early-Life Stress: a focus on neuroactive steroids","volume":"27","author":"Brunton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.004","article-title":"Equine Neonatal Encephalopathy","volume":"35","author":"Toribio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(01)00503-3","article-title":"Neurosteroids: biochemistry and clinical significance","volume":"13","author":"Mellon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7090069","article-title":"Survey of veterinarians using a novel physical compression squeeze procedure in the management of neonatal maladjustement syndrome in foals","volume":"7","author":"Aleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib20","first-page":"609","article-title":"Plasma progestagen concentrations in the normal and dysmature newborn foal","volume":"44","author":"Houghton","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9950567","article-title":"A\u00a0retrospective study of increased plasma progestagen concentrations in compromized neonatal foals","volume":"7","author":"Rossdale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12065","article-title":"Abnormal plasma neuroactive progestagen derivatives in ill, neonatal foals presented to the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"45","author":"Aleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15974","article-title":"Dynamics of androgens in healthy and hospitalized newborn foals","volume":"35","author":"Swink","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17375.x","article-title":"Neuronal actions of dehydroepiandrosterone possible roles in brain development, aging, memory, and affect","volume":"774","author":"Majewska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.03.008","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone: a neuroactive steroid","volume":"145","author":"St\u00e1rka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b6ed58","article-title":"Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and its differential diagnosis","volume":"37","author":"Lacobone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/762320","article-title":"Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.05.009","article-title":"Steroids, steroid precursors, and neuroactive steroids in critically ill neonates","volume":"225","author":"Dembek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib29","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Cerebral metabolism in fetal and neonatal rat brain during anoxia and recovery","volume":"230","author":"Vannucci","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib30","series-title":"Neurology of the newborn","first-page":"211","article-title":"Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","author":"Volpe","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib31","first-page":"348","article-title":"Effect of ischemia on metabolism of the brain of the newborn mouse","volume":"216","author":"Holowach-Thurston","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1990.39","article-title":"Carbohydrate and energy metabolism during the evolution of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat","volume":"10","author":"Palmer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0622-2","article-title":"Sepsis-associated delirium","volume":"33","author":"Ebersoldt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2007.10.001","article-title":"The encephalopathy in sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Siami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0645.x","article-title":"Biomarkers of brain injury in foals with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"25","author":"Ringger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0171.x","article-title":"Factors associated with outcome in foals with neonatal isoerythrolysis (72 cases, 1988-2003)","volume":"22","author":"Polkes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib37","first-page":"517","article-title":"Kernicterus in a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis","volume":"20","author":"David","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900215","article-title":"Kernicterus in a neonatal foal","volume":"19","author":"Loynachan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib39","series-title":"Volpe's neurology of the newborn","first-page":"730","article-title":"Bilirubin","author":"Perlman","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.06.781","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid variables in clinically normal foals from birth to 42\u00a0days of age","volume":"55","author":"Furr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2012.00396.x","article-title":"Metabolic encephalopathies in foals - pay attention to the serum biochemistry panel","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.200.08.1114","article-title":"Hypovolemic hyponatremia and signs of neurologic disease associated with diarrhea in a foal","volume":"200","author":"Lakritz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12446","article-title":"Severe hyponatraemia in foals: clinical findings, primary diagnosis and outcome","volume":"94","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12265","article-title":"Hyponatraemic encephalopathy in azotaemic neonatal foals: four cases","volume":"92","author":"Hardefeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100116","article-title":"Uremic encephalopathy in a horse","volume":"31","author":"Bouchard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.560","article-title":"Putative uremic encephalopathy in horses: five cases (1978-1998)","volume":"218","author":"Frye","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib47","first-page":"277","article-title":"Clinical notes on some conditions met within the mare following parturition and in the newly born foal","volume":"10","author":"Reynolds","year":"1930","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318194b097","article-title":"Early blood glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients","volume":"37","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0174.x","article-title":"Blood glucose concentrations in critically ill neonatal foals","volume":"22","author":"Hollis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.01.043","article-title":"Early hypoglycemia is associated with poor gross motor outcome in asphyxiated term newborns","volume":"50","author":"Spies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.12.047","article-title":"Hypoglycemia is associated with increased risk for braininjury and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in neonates at risk for encephalopathy","volume":"161","author":"Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F149","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308733","article-title":"Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia are associated with unfavourable outcome in infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: a post hoc analysis of the CoolCap Study","volume":"101","author":"Basu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.027","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and glucose variability are associated with worse brain function and seizures in neonatal encephalopathy: a prospective cohort study","volume":"209","author":"Pinchefsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15245","article-title":"Presumed neuroglycopenia caused by severe hypoglycemia in horses","volume":"32","author":"Aleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2008.10.012","article-title":"Associated factors in neonatal hypoglyemic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Montassir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Devel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2822","article-title":"Patterns of cerebral injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes after symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"122","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33422-2","article-title":"Neuropathological changes assocated with the neonatal maladjustment syndrome in the thoroughbred foal","volume":"20","author":"Palmer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01951.x","article-title":"Intracranial haemorrhage in pre-viable, premature, and full term foals","volume":"16","author":"Palmer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00088.x","article-title":"Prognosis for neonatal foals in an intensive care unit","volume":"11","author":"Furr","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib60","first-page":"397","article-title":"Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: a review for clinicians","volume":"169","author":"Douglas-Escobar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Amer Med Assoc Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.1772","article-title":"Hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic eschemic encephalopathy: an updated systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Tagin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2013.65","article-title":"Magnesium for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Tagin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib63","first-page":"242","article-title":"Magnesium infusion in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Wilkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Annu Meet Am Coll Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2005.11.010","article-title":"Excitatory amino acids and magnesium sulfate in neonatal asphyxia","volume":"28","author":"Khashaba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Devel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(97)00028-2","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate dramatically improves immediate recovery of rats from hypoxia","volume":"35","author":"Seimkowicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70279-6","article-title":"Pretreatent with magnesium sulfate protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury but post-asphyxial treatment worsens braininjury in 7\u00a0day old rats","volume":"180","author":"Sameshima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0064.x","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of caffeine and doxopram for the treatment of hypercapnia in foals with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"22","author":"Giguere","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib68","first-page":"40","article-title":"The effect of generalized seizures on outcome of foals with neonatal encephalopathy: 246 cases","volume":"34","author":"Savage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust Eq Vet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12553","article-title":"Factors associated with outcome in 94 hospitalized foals diagnosed with neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"49","author":"Lyle-Dugas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.12.004","article-title":"Factors associated with non-survival in foals diagnosed with perinatal asphyxia syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Gold","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eq Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.1.128","article-title":"Electrographic seizures in preterm and full-term neonates: Clinical correlates, associated brain lesions, and risk for neurological sequelae","volume":"91","author":"Scher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.09.005","article-title":"Intervention strategies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury","volume":"28","author":"Perlman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Therap"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90802-5","article-title":"Generalized seizures deplete brain energy reserve in normoxemic newborn monkeys","volume":"454","author":"Fujikawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180104","article-title":"31P NMR study of cerebral metabolism during prolonged seizures in the neonatal dog","volume":"18","author":"Young","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib75","first-page":"C1160","article-title":"Local cerebral glucose utilization during status epilepticus in newborn primates","volume":"256","author":"Fujikawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198606000-00007","article-title":"Impairment of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in the newborn lamb by hypoxia","volume":"20","author":"Tweed","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib77","first-page":"279","volume":"51","author":"Wilkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"How to use midazolam to control equine neonatal seizures. Proc 51st Ann Conv Amer Assoc Eq Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005_bib78","first-page":"532","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of the anticonvulsant levetiracetam in neonatal foals Equine","volume":"50","author":"Macdonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073922000256?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073922000256?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:19:54Z","timestamp":1760069994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749073922000256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749073922000256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0739"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0739","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neurologic Disorders of the Foal","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}