{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T20:05:59Z","timestamp":1771963559450,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":338,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T08:44:33Z","timestamp":1706345073000},"page":"95-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Toxigenic Endophyte\u2013Infected Tall Fescue and Ergot Alkaloids"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Tim J.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan C.","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib1","series-title":"Clinical veterinary toxicology","first-page":"243","article-title":"Fescue","author":"Evans","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib2","unstructured":"Roberts C. Tall fescue toxicosis. MU Guide G 4669, MU Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000, Available at: https:\/\/extension.missouri.edu\/publications\/g46692000, Accessed October 1, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith SR, et al. Tall fescue toxicity for horses: literature review and Kentucky\u2019s successful pasture evaluation program. Proc Fescue Toxicosis SRM\/AFGC Annual Meeting, January 26 - January 31, 2008 in Louisville, KY.","DOI":"10.1094\/FG-2009-1102-02-RV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib4","unstructured":"Phipps K, et al: Comparison of commercially available novel-endophyte tall fescue forage varieties. AG-910, NC State Extension, 2021, Available at: https:\/\/content.ces.ncsu.edu\/comparison-of-commercially-available-novel-endophyte-tall-fescue-forage-varieties, Accessed October 1, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib5","series-title":"Toxic plants of North America","first-page":"940","author":"Burrows","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7041273","article-title":"Genetics, genomics and evolution of ergot alkaloid diversity","volume":"7","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-12-16-0435-RVW","article-title":"Ergot Alkaloids of the family Clavicipitaceae","volume":"107","author":"Florea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib8","series-title":"Current veterinary therapy 4: Food animal practice","first-page":"263","author":"Kerr","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.792542x","article-title":"Ergot alkaloid transport across ruminant gastric tissues","volume":"79","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib10","series-title":"Clinical veterinary toxicology","first-page":"239","article-title":"Ergot","author":"Evans","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.003","article-title":"The endocrine disruptive effects of ergopeptine alkaloids on pregnant mares","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0920179","article-title":"Effects of bromocriptine and perphenazine on prolactin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant pony mares during late gestation","volume":"92","author":"Ireland","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib13","first-page":"207","article-title":"A comparison of the relative efficacies of domperidone and reserpine in treating equine \u201cfescue toxicosis\u201d","volume":"45","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib14","series-title":"The effects of bromocriptine, domperidone, and reserpine on circulating, maternal levels of progestins, estrogens, and prolactin in pregnant pony mares","author":"Evans","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib15","series-title":"Equine toxicology (5-minute consult)","first-page":"220","article-title":"Fescue toxicosis","author":"Evans","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3478","article-title":"Board-invited review: St. Anthony\u2019s Fire in livestock: causes, mechanisms, and potential solutions","volume":"89","author":"Strickland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2017.03.0202","article-title":"Vertical distribution of ergot alkaloids in the vegetative canopy of tall fescue","volume":"58","author":"Kenyon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crop Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib18","series-title":"Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and clinical Principles","first-page":"995","article-title":"Ergot and Fescue Toxicoses","author":"Gupta","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.733899x","article-title":"Equine fescue toxicosis: signs and solutions","volume":"73","author":"Cross","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5852","article-title":"Vasoconstriction in horses caused by endophyte-infected tall fescue seed is detected with Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"91","author":"McDowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1852","article-title":"Tall fescue ergot alkaloids are vasoactive in equine vasculature","volume":"95","author":"Klotz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(01)70094-9","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory and thermoregulatory effects of endophyte-infected fescue in exercising horses","volume":"21","author":"Vivrette","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.11.005","article-title":"Effect of Ergovaline Ingestion on Recovery of Horses Subjected to an Anaerobic Standard Exercise Test","volume":"30","author":"Webb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.01.22","article-title":"Aggregate risk study of exposure to endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue as a risk factor for laminitis in horses","volume":"56","author":"Rohrbach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(98)00021-1","article-title":"The effects of perphenazine and bromocriptine on follicular dynamics and endocrine profiles in anestrous pony mares","volume":"49","author":"Bennett-Wimbush","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1258","article-title":"Influence of toxic endophyte-infected fescue on sperm characteristics and endocrine factors of yearling Brahman-influenced bulls","volume":"87","author":"Looper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.1.260","article-title":"Interaction of endophyte-infected fescue and heat stress on ovarian function in the beef heifer","volume":"65","author":"Burke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02008.x","article-title":"Effect of feeding fescue seed containing ergot alkaloid toxins on stallion spermatogenesis and sperm cells","volume":"47","author":"Fayrer-Hosken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7682146x","article-title":"Urinary and biliary excretion of ergot alkaloids from steers that grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue","volume":"76","author":"Stuedemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7062024","article-title":"Analysis of ergot alkaloids","volume":"7","author":"Crews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030701765756","article-title":"Significance, chemistry and determination of ergot alkaloids: a review","volume":"25","author":"Krska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.05.013","article-title":"Development and validation of an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry assay for nine toxic alkaloids from endophyte-infected pasture grasses in horse serum","volume":"1560","author":"Rudolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chromatogr A"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa203","article-title":"Assessment of the vasoactive effects of the (S)-epimers of ergot alkaloids in\u00a0vitro","volume":"98","author":"Cherewyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00001a022","article-title":"HPLC method for quantitating ergovaline in endophyte-infested tall fescue: seasonal variation of ergovaline levels in stems with leaf sheaths, leaf blades, and seed heads","volume":"39","author":"Rottinghaus","year":"1991","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879300500216","article-title":"An HPLC method for the detection of ergot in ground and pelleted feeds","volume":"5","author":"Rottinghaus","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9229","article-title":"BILL E. KUNKLE INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF SYMPOSIUM: Coping with tall fescue toxicosis: Solutions and realities","volume":"93","author":"Kallenbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfac063","article-title":"Fescue toxicosis: a detrimental condition that requires a multiapproach solution","volume":"12","author":"Alfaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Front"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102830","article-title":"Identification of breed differences in known and new fescue toxicosis associated phenotypes in charolais-and hereford-sired crossbred beef cows","volume":"11","author":"Lucas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz068","article-title":"Ergot alkaloid exposure during gestation alters. I. Maternal characteristics and placental development of pregnant ewes1","volume":"97","author":"Britt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101859","article-title":"Feeding tall fescue seed during mid and late gestation influences subsequent postnatal growth, puberty, and carcass quality of offspring","volume":"10","author":"Greene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2009.00519.x","article-title":"Fescue-associated oedema of horses grazing on endophyte-inoculated tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea) pastures","volume":"87","author":"Bourke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2017.1365660","article-title":"Further investigation of equine fescue oedema induced by Mediterranean tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) infected with selected fungal endophytes (Epichlo\u00eb coenophiala)","volume":"65","author":"Finch","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Z Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2011.03.0160","article-title":"Mediterranean and Continental Tall Fescue: II. Effects of Cold, Nonfreezing Temperatures on Leaf Extension, Proline, Fructan, and Abscisic Acid","volume":"52","author":"Dierking","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2016.1248516","article-title":"Pathological changes seen in horses in New Zealand grazing Mediterranean tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) infected with selected endophytes (Epichlo\u00eb coenophiala) causing equine fescue oedema","volume":"65","author":"Munday","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Z Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001_bib45","unstructured":"Dechra Veterinary Products: Package insert for EQUIDONE\u00ae Gel. Revised 8\/2023. Available at: https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/fda\/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=e55d075e-2fe2-4405-b57a-59b85067e0c0&type=display."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073924000014?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073924000014?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:21:16Z","timestamp":1760070076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749073924000014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749073924000014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0739"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0739","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toxigenic Endophyte\u2013Infected Tall Fescue and Ergot Alkaloids","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.01.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}