{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:59:09Z","timestamp":1774940349751,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007707","name":"University of California Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:31:06Z","timestamp":1771590666000},"page":"117-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Update on Idiopathic Trigeminal-Mediated Headshaking"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Aleman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilo J.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12191","article-title":"Sensory nerve conduction and somatosensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve in horses with idiopathic headshaking","volume":"27","author":"Aleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.334","article-title":"Owner survey of headshaking in horses","volume":"219","author":"Madigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.03.031","article-title":"Idiopathic headshaking: is it still idiopathic?","volume":"201","author":"Pickles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03082.x","article-title":"Photic headshaking in the horse: 7 cases","volume":"27","author":"Madigan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14132","article-title":"Use of a poll-mounted accelerometer for quantification and characterisation of equine trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"57","author":"Pickles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13986","article-title":"History, rest and exercise score (HRE-S) for assessment of disease severity in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"56","author":"Kloock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15451","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone concentrations in healthy horses and horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking over an 8-hour period","volume":"33","author":"Sheldon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00855.x","article-title":"Latent equine herpesvirus-1 in trigeminal ganglia and equine idiopathic headshaking","volume":"26","author":"Aleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12237","article-title":"Sensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve for the diagnosis of idiopathic headshaking in a horse","volume":"28","author":"Aleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04068-x","article-title":"Sensory nerve conduction stimulus threshold measurements of the infraorbital nerve and its applicability as a diagnostic tool in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"20","author":"Nessler","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70064","article-title":"Pain assessment of horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS) at rest between episodes","volume":"39","author":"Franzen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00553.x","article-title":"Caudal anaesthesia of the infraorbital nerve for diagnosis of idiopathic headshaking and caudal compression of the infraorbital nerve for its treatment, in 58 horses","volume":"45","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13889","article-title":"Computed tomography findings in horses presented with signs of head-shaking","volume":"55","author":"Perrier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15410","article-title":"Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and its effect on horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"33","author":"Sheldon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70196","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve asymmetry in horses with idiopathic trigeminal-mediated headshaking: a retrospective case-control magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"39","author":"Heun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13174","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of neuromodulation using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of trigeminal-mediated headshaking in 168 horses","volume":"52","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib17","series-title":"Owner-reported response to treatment of 130 headshaking horses","first-page":"176","author":"Pickles","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.2.41","article-title":"Field study of the efficacy of three types of nose net for the treatment of headshaking in horses","volume":"152","author":"Mills","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib19","article-title":"Alterations in metabolic status and headshaking behavior following intravenous administration of hypertonic solutions in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"8","author":"Sheldon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.735","article-title":"Caecal microbiota in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"8","author":"Aleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15499","article-title":"Effects of magnesium with or without boron on headshaking behavior in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"33","author":"Sheldon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb05141.x","article-title":"Characterisation of headshaking syndrome--31 cases","author":"Madigan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20180205","article-title":"A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of Cetirizine in horses affected by seasonal headshaking","volume":"34","author":"van den Brom-Spierenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"PHK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.10.305","article-title":"Treatment of seasonal headshaking in three horses with sodium cromoglycate eye drops","volume":"163","author":"Stalin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib25","article-title":"Gabapentin: clinical use and pharmacokinetics in dogs, cats, and horses","volume":"13","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16386","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repeat dosing of gabapentin in adult horses","volume":"36","author":"Gold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.7.1043","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intragastric and intravenous pregabalin administration in clinically normal horses","volume":"74","author":"Mullen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib28","article-title":"Expression of cannabinoid receptors in the trigeminal ganglion of the horse","volume":"24","author":"Zamith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12218","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic headshaking in horses with pulsed high-dose dexamethasone","volume":"27","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c5992","article-title":"Use of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone vaccine in headshaking horses","volume":"168","author":"Pickles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.03.002","article-title":"Is electrical nerve stimulation the answer for management of equine headshaking?","volume":"35","author":"Pickles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12394","article-title":"Neuromodulation using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of trigeminal-mediated headshaking: a safe procedure resulting in medium-term remission in five of seven horses","volume":"48","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electroacupuncture as a treatment for suspected trigeminal nerve-mediated head-shaking in 42 horses","volume":"00","author":"Dunkel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17194","article-title":"Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on trigeminal-mediated headshaking in 17 horses","volume":"38","author":"Franzen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X342966","article-title":"Caudal compression of the infraorbital nerve: a novel surgical technique for treatment of idiopathic headshaking and assessment of its efficacy in 24 horses","volume":"41","author":"Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073925000719?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749073925000719?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:28:17Z","timestamp":1774934897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749073925000719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749073925000719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0739"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0739","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Update on Idiopathic Trigeminal-Mediated Headshaking","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2025.12.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}