{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:38:40Z","timestamp":1791567520923,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]],"date-time":"2012-09-06T17:31:08Z","timestamp":1346952668000},"page":"577-591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Diagnostic Sampling and Gross Pathology of New World Camelids"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Bildfell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane V.","family":"L\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Tornquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib1","series-title":"The Merck veterinary manual","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Collection and submission of laboratory samples","author":"Bildfell","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib2","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Getting the most from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory\u2014a pathologists\u2019 perspective. Part II. Sampling and testing","volume":"17","author":"Webb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comp Cont Ed Vet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.8.226","article-title":"Thrombosis of the splenic vein in llamas (Lama glama)","volume":"146","author":"Hamir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.03.004","article-title":"Clinical pathology of llamas and alpacas","volume":"25","author":"Tornquist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib5","first-page":"153","article-title":"Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay to study the carrier state in infection with camelid Mycoplasma haemolama, formerly Eperythrozoon spp. infecting camelids","volume":"31","author":"Tornquist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(00)00167-7","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas","volume":"74","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03297.x","article-title":"Lymphosarcoma in 10 New World Camelids","volume":"9","author":"Cebra","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib8","first-page":"317","article-title":"Highlights of camelid diagnoses from necropsy submissions to the Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, from 1998 to 2004","volume":"46","author":"Shapiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900213","article-title":"Prevalence of neoplasia in llamas and alpacas (Oregon State University, 2001-2006)","volume":"19","author":"Valentine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.46-2-288","article-title":"Malignant round cell neoplasia in llamas and alpacas","volume":"46","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200507","article-title":"The microanatomy of healthy skin from alpacas (Vicugna pacos)","volume":"22","author":"Fleis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.29.4.216","article-title":"Skin diseases of South American camelids","volume":"29","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00918.x","article-title":"Skin diseases in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos): a literature review and retrospective analysis of 68 cases (Cornell University 1997-2006)","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0661.x","article-title":"Neurological causes of diaphragmatic paralysis in 11 alpacas (Vicugna pacos)","volume":"25","author":"Byers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.02.004","article-title":"Neurologic diseases in llamas and alpacas","volume":"25","author":"Whitehead","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)31006-9","article-title":"Noninfectious diseases, metabolic diseases, toxicities, and neoplastic diseases of South American camelids","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.9.1357","article-title":"Collection and analysis of peritoneal fluid from healthy llamas and alpacas","volume":"232","author":"Cebra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.241","article-title":"Pancreatic necrosis in New World camelids: 11 cases (1990\u20131998)","volume":"217","author":"Pearson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1525","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection after intratracheal inoculation in llamas","volume":"61","author":"Cebra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib20","series-title":"Medicine and surgery of South American camelids: llama, alpaca, vicu\u00f1a, guanaco","first-page":"468","article-title":"Congenital\/hereditary conditions","author":"Fowler","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.1.94","article-title":"Eimeria macusaniensis infection in 15 llamas and 34 alpacas","volume":"230","author":"Cebra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.03.007","article-title":"Dental disease in llamas and alpacas","volume":"25","author":"Niehaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.10.010","article-title":"Eimeria macusaniensis associated lesions in neonate alpacas dying from enterotoxemia","volume":"168","author":"Rosadio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.02.005","article-title":"Disorders of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism in camelids","volume":"25","author":"Cebra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-5-592","article-title":"Severe biliary hyperplasia associated with liver fluke infection in an adult alpaca","volume":"39","author":"Hamir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0072.x","article-title":"Thrombotic endocarditis in 10 alpacas","volume":"22","author":"Firshman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib27","first-page":"576","article-title":"Analysis of synovial fluid from clinically normal alpacas and llamas. Am J","volume":"63","author":"Waguespack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.06.1128","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets","volume":"209","author":"Van Saun","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.07.013","article-title":"Nutritional diseases of llamas and alpacas","volume":"25","author":"Van Saun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.007","article-title":"Nutritional diseases of South American camelids","volume":"61","author":"Van Saun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1999.tb01038.x","article-title":"Analysis of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid from clinically healthy llamas (Lama glama)","volume":"28","author":"Gerros","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.03.006","article-title":"Management of neonatal llamas and alpacas","volume":"25","author":"Whitehead","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1139\/G09-100","article-title":"A\u00a0candidate gene for choanal atresia in alpaca","volume":"53","author":"Reed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30568-5","article-title":"Llama cardiology","volume":"10","author":"Boon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.03.009","article-title":"Camelid cardiology","volume":"25","author":"Margiocco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.3.311","article-title":"Esophageal dysfunction in four alpaca crias and a llama cria with vascular ring anomalies","volume":"237","author":"McKenzie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.008","article-title":"Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids","volume":"66","author":"Tibary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.197.09.1157","article-title":"Endometrial biopsy technique and uterine pathologic findings in llamas","volume":"197","author":"Powers","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib39","first-page":"753","article-title":"Retrospective study of camelid abortions in Oregon","volume":"44","author":"L\u00f6hr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811406889","article-title":"Characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn and normally delivered alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama)","volume":"49","author":"Schaefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30561-2","article-title":"Reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas","volume":"10","author":"Bravo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.40-1-103","article-title":"Camelid cutaneous fibropapillomas: clinicopathologic findings and association with papillomavirus","volume":"40","author":"Schulman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.1.13","article-title":"Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Eimeria macusaniensis in camelid feces","volume":"73","author":"Cebra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02480.x","article-title":"Bile acids in gastric fluids from llamas and alpacas with and without stomach ulcers","volume":"17","author":"Cebra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03278.x","article-title":"Megaesophagus in 15 llamas: a retrospective study (1985-1993)","volume":"9","author":"Watrous","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.003","article-title":"Modification and further evaluation of a fluorescein-labeled peanut agglutinin test for identification of Haemonchus contortus eggs","volume":"169","author":"Jurasek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749072012000527?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749072012000527?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T03:41:07Z","timestamp":1760067667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749072012000527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749072012000527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0720","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnostic Sampling and Gross Pathology of New World Camelids","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}