{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:42:32Z","timestamp":1783039352674,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T11:33:52Z","timestamp":1621942432000},"page":"309-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Role of Environmental Factors in the Epidemiology of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Maier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binh","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette M.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent85422-11","article-title":"Musca autumnalis De Geer in North America (Deptera: Muscidae)","volume":"85","author":"Vockeroth","year":"1953","journal-title":"Can Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.503","article-title":"Bionomics of the face fly, Musca autumnalis","volume":"42","author":"Krafsur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1999.00150.x","article-title":"Dynamics of diapause recruitment in populations of the face fly, Musca autumnalis","volume":"13","author":"Krafsur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib4","first-page":"341","article-title":"The incrimination of arthropods as vectors of disease","volume":"2","author":"Barnett","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc 11th Int Cong Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib5","first-page":"251","article-title":"Some relationship of face fly feeding, ovarian development, and incidence on dairy cattle","volume":"61","author":"Miller","year":"1968","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/17.3.195","article-title":"Biology and control of the face fly, musca autumnalis (diptera: muscidae)","volume":"17","author":"Pickens","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/60.3.857","article-title":"Effect of diet on longevity and fecundity of laboratory-reared face flies","volume":"60","author":"Turner","year":"1967","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib8","first-page":"75","article-title":"Computer simulation of the role of the face fly, Musca autumnalis, in spreading and causing infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), based on field data","volume":"22","author":"Lorincz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasit Hung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/72.4.633","article-title":"The face fly, Musca autumnalis Degeer: ability to cause mechanical damage and transmit pinkeye pathogens","volume":"72","author":"Shugart","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00715.x","article-title":"Micromorphology of the prestomal teeth and feeding behaviour of Musca autumnalis, M.larvipara and M.osiris (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"7","author":"Giangaspero","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/21.1.82","article-title":"Comparison of prestomal teeth in the face fly (Musca autumnalis) and the house fly (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"21","author":"Broce","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib12","first-page":"12","article-title":"Daily face fly infestation patterns of pastured beef cattle","volume":"97","author":"Parrish","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tenn Farm Home Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/56.3.251","article-title":"Investigations of the face fly in Missouri","volume":"56","author":"Benson","year":"1962","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/74.4.475","article-title":"Field association of female face flies with Moraxella bovis, an etiological agent of bovine pinkeye","volume":"74","author":"Berkebile","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.180.02.156","article-title":"The role of face flies in an episode of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"180","author":"Gerhardt","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/75.5.816","article-title":"Transmission of Moraxella bovis in the laboratory by the face fly (Diptera: muscidae)","volume":"75","author":"Arends","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/77.2.394","article-title":"Transmission of Moraxella bovis from blood agar cultures to Hereford cattle by face flies (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"77","author":"Arends","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/75.3.545","article-title":"Survival of Moraxella bovis in the alimentary tract of the face fly","volume":"75","author":"Glass","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/76.3.532","article-title":"Recovery of Moraxella bovis (Hauduroy) from the crops of face flies (Diptera: Muscidae) fed on the eyes of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"76","author":"Glass","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/77.2.399","article-title":"Transmission of Moraxella bovis by regurgitation from the crop of the face fly (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"77","author":"Glass","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/60.2.598","article-title":"Frequency of pinkeye incidence in cattle in relation to face fly abundance","volume":"60","author":"Cheng","year":"1967","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib22","first-page":"97","article-title":"Variation in population density of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, among selected breeds of beef cattle","volume":"10","author":"Steelman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Agric Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib23","series-title":"Incidence of pinkeye in relation to face fly control","first-page":"14","author":"Gerhardt","year":"1976"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.115.2.29","article-title":"Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: isolation of Moraxella bovis from two groups of young beef cattle in fly control field trials during 1981","volume":"115","author":"Cox","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(85)90048-2","article-title":"Cattle fly control using controlled-release insecticides","volume":"18","author":"Tarry","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020184","article-title":"Randomised control trial comparing cypermethrin-based preparations in the prevention of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle","volume":"10","author":"Allan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txy115","article-title":"Effects of extended-release eprinomectin on productivity measures in cow-calf systems and subsequent feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of calves","volume":"3","author":"Andresen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib28","first-page":"173","article-title":"Ectoparasites of Cattle","volume":"36","author":"de Leon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am-food A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.04.006","article-title":"Insecticide resistance monitoring of house fly populations from the United States","volume":"158","author":"Freeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.960500","article-title":"Parasiticide resistance in flies, lice and ticks in New Zealand and Australia: mechanisms, prevalence and prevention","volume":"63","author":"Heath","year":"2015","journal-title":"N\u00a0Z Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib31","first-page":"575","article-title":"Control of vector-borne diseases in the livestock industry: new opportunities and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Garros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol Cont Vector-bor"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4273-2","article-title":"Integrated fly management in European ruminant operations from the perspective of directive 2009\/128\/EC on sustainable use of pesticides","volume":"114","author":"Durel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib33","author":"Gerry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib34","first-page":"92","article-title":"Isolation of moraxella bovis from the crops of field-collected face flies","volume":"4","author":"Coleman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Agric Entomol"},{"issue":"115","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib35","first-page":"1331","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and Moraxella bovis in the etiology of bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib36","first-page":"60","article-title":"Experimental production of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: comparison of serological and immunological responses using pili fractions of Moraxella bovis","volume":"40","author":"Pugh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1976.37.01.57","article-title":"Experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: resistance of vaccinated cattle to homologous and heterologous strains of Moraxella bovis","volume":"37","author":"Pugh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.11.006","article-title":"Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye)","volume":"31","author":"Angelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.09.006","article-title":"Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a review of cases in clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Alexander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02120.x","article-title":"Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a review","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588702400401","article-title":"Pathogenesis of corneal lesions caused by Moraxella bovis in gnotobiotic calves","volume":"24","author":"Rogers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810290169882","article-title":"Photokeratitis and other phototoxic effects on the cornea and conjunctiva","volume":"21","author":"Cullen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.02.378","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of bovine corneas irradiated with sun lamps and challenge exposed with Moraxella bovis","volume":"47","author":"Vogelweid","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00572789","article-title":"Ultraviolet induced lysosome activity in corneal epithelium","volume":"214","author":"Cullen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib45","first-page":"654","article-title":"The normal surface of corneal epithelium: a scanning electron microscopic study","volume":"12","author":"Pfister","year":"1973","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(83)90038-5","article-title":"Scanning electron microscope studies on preparations of bovine cornea exposed to Moraxella bovis","volume":"93","author":"Chandler","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(85)90046-5","article-title":"Exposure of bovine cornea to different strains of Moraxella bovis and to other bacterial species in\u00a0vitro","volume":"95","author":"Chandler","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688409000809","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro adherence of Moraxella bovis to intact corneal epithelium","volume":"3","author":"Jackman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1987.tb16125.x","article-title":"Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: seasonal variation in cultural, biochemical and immunoreactive properties of Moraxella bovis isolated from the eyes of cattle","volume":"64","author":"Lepper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.12.388","article-title":"Ocular complications of barren brome exposure in a suckler herd","volume":"159","author":"Hudson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006_bib51","series-title":"The biology and non-chemical control of barren brome (Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski","author":"Bond","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749072021000256?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749072021000256?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T03:51:24Z","timestamp":1760068284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749072021000256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749072021000256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0720","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Role of Environmental Factors in the Epidemiology of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}