{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:52:06Z","timestamp":1792687926401,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T18:19:45Z","timestamp":1645640385000},"page":"121-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cryptosporidiosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Pamela R.F.","family":"Adkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.009","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of cryptosporidium","volume":"34","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00016.x","article-title":"Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) from cattle, Bos taurus","volume":"47","author":"Lindsay","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.03.020","article-title":"Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves","volume":"122","author":"Santin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.10.009","article-title":"Is there a need for improved Cryptosporidium diagnostics in Swedish calves?","volume":"43","author":"Silverlas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.01.015","article-title":"Update on Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle","volume":"20","author":"Olson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.228","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia carried by synanthropic flies by combined fluorescent in\u00a0situ hybridization and a monoclonal antibody","volume":"68","author":"Graczyk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0447-0","article-title":"Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies","volume":"48","author":"Thomson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00256","article-title":"Infection Strategies of Intestinal Parasite Pathogens and Host Cell Responses","volume":"7","author":"Di Genova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib9","first-page":"343","article-title":"Bovine Cryptosporidiosis: Clinical and Pathological Findings in Forty-two Scouring Neonatal Calves","volume":"23","author":"Sanford","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1612","article-title":"Number of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts or Giardia spp cysts shed by dairy calves after natural infection","volume":"62","author":"Nydam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.022","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum: determination of ID(5)(0) and the dose-response relationship in experimentally challenged dairy calves","volume":"197","author":"Zambriski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00076-4","article-title":"A\u00a0review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals","volume":"29","author":"de Graaf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9199","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14060","article-title":"Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part III. Factors associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in preweaned dairy heifer calves","volume":"101","author":"Urie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dairy Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9168","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14010","article-title":"Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part I. Descriptive characteristics of preweaned heifer raising practices","volume":"101","author":"Urie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dairy Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.03.001","article-title":"Association between management practices and within-herd prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum shedding on dairy farms in southern Ontario","volume":"83","author":"Trotz-Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.04.006","article-title":"Prevalence and associated management factors of Cryptosporidium shedding in 50 Swedish dairy herds","volume":"90","author":"Silverlas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(98)00084-1","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Holstein Freisian dairy calves in central Mexico","volume":"36","author":"Maldonado-Camargo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06890-2","article-title":"Systematic review of modifiable risk factors shows little evidential support for most current practices in Cryptosporidium management in bovine calves","volume":"119","author":"Brainard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1997.tb03305.x","article-title":"Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum during ensilage of perennial ryegrass","volume":"82","author":"Merry","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.199","article-title":"The effect of heating against Cryptosporidium oocysts","volume":"64","author":"Fujino","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800054480","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of human cryptosporidiosis","volume":"104","author":"Casemore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001491","article-title":"Critical processes affecting Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in the environment","volume":"134","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.3848-3857.2005","article-title":"Environmental temperature controls Cryptosporidium oocyst metabolic rate and associated retention of infectivity","volume":"71","author":"King","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.11.3494-3500.1992","article-title":"Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures","volume":"58","author":"Robertson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0075-x","article-title":"Advances in prevention and therapy of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea: a systematical review with emphasis on colostrum management and fluid therapy","volume":"56","author":"Meganck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105323","article-title":"Longitudinal health outcomes for enteric pathogens in preweaned calves on Ohio dairy farms","volume":"190","author":"Barkley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.1021\/es301974m","article-title":"Comparison of rapid methods for detection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts using transportable instrumentation in a field deployment","volume":"46","author":"Keserue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.211-215","article-title":"Comparison of different diagnostic techniques for the detection of cryptosporidiosis in bovines","volume":"9","author":"Rekha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.034181-0","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of seven cryptosporidium assays used in the UK","volume":"60","author":"Chalmers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.03.010","article-title":"A\u00a0Bayesian evaluation of four immunological assays for the diagnosis of clinical cryptosporidiosis in calves","volume":"176","author":"Geurden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01733-10","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium spp. in human clinical samples by use of real-time PCR","volume":"49","author":"Hadfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200403","article-title":"Development of a panel of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for simultaneous detection of major agents causing calf diarrhea in feces","volume":"22","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2008.10.012","article-title":"Treatment of calf diarrhea: antimicrobial and ancillary treatments","volume":"25","author":"Constable","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.04.002","article-title":"Fluid therapy in calves","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020002267","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone products to prevent or treat cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"148","author":"Brainard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02732.x","article-title":"Efficacy of azithromycin dihydrate in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected dairy calves","volume":"19","author":"Elitok","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-79","article-title":"Impact of respiratory disease, diarrhea, otitis and arthritis on mortality and carcass traits in white veal calves","volume":"9","author":"Pardon","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.03.002","article-title":"Long-term production effects of clinical cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves","volume":"50","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(99)70389-5","article-title":"Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity by disinfection and sterilization processes","volume":"49","author":"Barbee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00557-X","article-title":"Advances and prospects for subunit vaccines against protozoa of veterinary importance","volume":"101","author":"Jenkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.09.013","article-title":"Antibody responses following administration of a Cryptosporidium parvum rCP15\/60 vaccine to pregnant cattle","volume":"175","author":"Burton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9229","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14019","article-title":"Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part V. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves","volume":"101","author":"Urie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dairy Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7611","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17955","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on calf- and herd-level passive immunity in dairy calves in the United States","volume":"103","author":"Lombard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dairy Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200203000-00017","article-title":"Oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves","volume":"51","author":"Hunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.11.1528","article-title":"Human cryptosporidiosis associated with an epizootic in calves","volume":"79","author":"Reif","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01250-20","article-title":"Veterinary Students Have a Higher Risk of Contracting Cryptosporidiosis when Calves with High Fecal Cryptosporidium Loads Are Used for Fetotomy Exercises","volume":"86","author":"Thomas-Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749072021000803?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749072021000803?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T03:52:30Z","timestamp":1760068350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749072021000803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749072021000803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0720","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cryptosporidiosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.11.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}