{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:04:38Z","timestamp":1785863078475,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["vetsmall.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T05:33:11Z","timestamp":1432877591000},"page":"941-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Perioperative Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disturbances"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Kari Santoro","family":"Beer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori S.","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib1","series-title":"Fluid, electrolyte, and acid\u2013base disorders in small animal practice","first-page":"231","article-title":"Introduction to acid\u2013base disorders","author":"DiBartola","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.09.1609","article-title":"Arterial and venous blood gas tensions in clinically healthy cats","volume":"42","author":"Middleton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.5326\/0430270","article-title":"Lactate in veterinary critical care: pathophysiology and management","volume":"43","author":"Pang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib4","series-title":"Textbook of critical care","first-page":"278","article-title":"Interpretation of blood gases","author":"Shapiro","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.1996.tb00036.x","article-title":"Lactate kinetics in veterinary critical care: a review","volume":"6","author":"Lagutchik","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V12suppl_1s15","article-title":"Lactic acidosis update for critical care clinicians","volume":"12","author":"Luft","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2008.00286.x","article-title":"Lactate: physiology and clinical utility","volume":"18","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.07.012","article-title":"Use of lactate in small animal clinical practice","volume":"43","author":"Sharkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib9","series-title":"Blackwell\u2019s five minute veterinary consult: laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures","first-page":"388","article-title":"Lactate","author":"Lagutchik","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02343.x","article-title":"Acute stress hyperglycemia in cats is associated with struggling and increased concentrations of lactate and norepinephrine","volume":"16","author":"Rand","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2012.00801.x","article-title":"Plasma lactate measurement in healthy cats","volume":"22","author":"Redavid","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2003.09.030","article-title":"Admission lactate level and the APACHE II are the most useful predictors of prognosis following torso trauma","volume":"35","author":"Aslar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.4.956","article-title":"Blood lactate levels are superior to oxygen-derived variables in predicting outcome in human septic shock","volume":"99","author":"Bakker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01728326","article-title":"Blood pressure and arterial lactate level are early indicators of short-term survival in human septic shock","volume":"22","author":"Bernardin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000132904.35713.A7","article-title":"Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib16","first-page":"584","article-title":"Lactate clearance and survival following injury","volume":"35","author":"Abramson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181971d47","article-title":"Multicenter study of early lactate clearance as a determinant of survival in patients with presumed sepsis","volume":"32","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(01)00755-3","article-title":"Prolonged lactate clearance is associated with increased mortality in the surgical intensive care unit","volume":"182","author":"McNelis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.1.54","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma lactate concentration and base excess at the time of hospital admission as predictors of gastric necrosis and outcome and correlation between those variables in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 78 cases (2004\u20132009)","volume":"242","author":"Beer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.01.49","article-title":"Plasma lactate concentration as a predictor of gastric necrosis and survival among dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 102 cases (1995\u20131998)","volume":"215","author":"de Papp","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00599.x","article-title":"Evaluation of initial plasma lactate values as a predictor of gastric necrosis and initial and subsequent plasma lactate values as a predictor of survival in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 84 dogs (2003\u20132007)","volume":"21","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00551.x","article-title":"The associated of blood lactate concentration with outcome in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 173 cases","volume":"20","author":"Holahan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02569.x","article-title":"Prognostic value of blood lactate, blood glucose and hematocrit in canine babesiosis","volume":"18","author":"Nel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.8.892","article-title":"Association between outcome and changes in plasma lactate concentration during presurgical treatment in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 64 cases","volume":"236","author":"Zacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000268","article-title":"Fluid overload in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock treated with early goal-directed therapy is associated with increased acute need for fluid-related medical interventions and hospital death","volume":"43","author":"Kelm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-0279(77)50038-X","article-title":"Hyperkalemia in cats with urethral obstruction: electrocardiographs abnormalities and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Schaer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2007.00268.x","article-title":"Electrocardiographic assessment of hyperkalemia in dogs and cats","volume":"18","author":"Tag","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib28","series-title":"Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small animal practice","first-page":"391","article-title":"Perioperative management of fluid therapy","author":"Pascoe","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib29","series-title":"Small animal critical care medicine","first-page":"269","article-title":"Potassium disorders","author":"Riordan","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2008.00328.x","article-title":"The influence of crystalloid type on acid-base and electrolyte status of cats with urethral obstruction","volume":"18","author":"Drobatz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02770.x","article-title":"Acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities in dogs with gastrointestinal foreign bodies","volume":"19","author":"Boag","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12122","article-title":"Incidence, nature and etiology of metabolic alkalosis in dogs cats","volume":"27","author":"Ha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib33","series-title":"Small animal critical care medicine","first-page":"81","article-title":"Hypoxemia","author":"Haskins","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib34","first-page":"205","article-title":"Absorption atelectasis: incidence and clinical implications","volume":"81","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2013","journal-title":"AANA J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.03.008","article-title":"Central diabetes insipidus in five cats: clinical presentation, diagnosis and oral desmopressin therapy","volume":"7","author":"Aroch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.11.1884","article-title":"Central diabetes insipidus in dogs: 20 cases (1986\u20131995)","volume":"209","author":"Harb","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1979.73","article-title":"Neurogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"5","author":"Leaf","year":"1979","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6627.969","article-title":"CDI after upper GI hemorrhage","volume":"296","author":"Wickramasinge","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-0374-y","article-title":"Hypo- and hypernatremia in surgical patients: is there room for improvement?","volume":"34","author":"Herrod","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib40","series-title":"Small animal critical care medicine","first-page":"263","article-title":"Sodium disorders","author":"Burkitt Creedon","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib41","first-page":"513","article-title":"Renal tubular acidosis","volume":"27","author":"Riordan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1987.11703367","article-title":"Renal tubular acidosis: a constellation of syndromes","volume":"22","author":"Kurtzman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hosp Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003_bib43","series-title":"Small animal critical care medicine","first-page":"289","article-title":"Traditional acid-base analysis","author":"Hopper","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561615000662?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561615000662?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T04:25:00Z","timestamp":1748406300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561615000662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561615000662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-5616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Perioperative Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disturbances","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}