{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:38:32Z","timestamp":1791499112973,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]],"date-time":"2018-04-21T14:57:12Z","timestamp":1524322632000},"page":"733-742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Contraception in Dogs and Cats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Cheryl S.","family":"Asa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1985.186.08.783","article-title":"Efficacy and toxicity of estrogens commonly used to terminate canine pregnancy","volume":"186","author":"Bowen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.07.1214","article-title":"Current and proposed methods for contraception and termination of pregnancy in dogs and cats","volume":"198","author":"Concannon","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib3","unstructured":"Weiss DJ, Bonagura JD. Aplastic anemia. In: Kirk RW, editor. Current veterinary therapy XI: small animal practice. 1992. p. 479\u201384."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.010","article-title":"Estradiol benzoate for preventing pregnancy in mismated dogs","volume":"66","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.12.008","article-title":"Adenohypophyseal function in bitches treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate","volume":"32","author":"Beijerink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(85)90096-4","article-title":"Anovulation, inadequate luteal phase and poor sperm penetration in cervical mucus during prolonged use of Norplant implants","volume":"31","author":"Brache","year":"1985","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-115-6-2113","article-title":"Progesterone modulation of the luteinizing hormone surge: regulation of hypothalamic and pituitary progestin receptors","volume":"115","author":"Attardi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)35287-6","article-title":"Biologic effects of melengestrol acetate","volume":"15","author":"Duncan","year":"1964","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(65)90044-9","article-title":"Data on the mechanism of adrenal suppression by medroxyprogesterone acetate","volume":"6","author":"Fekete","year":"1965","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(88)90104-7","article-title":"Selectivity in progesterone and androgen receptor binding of progestagens used in oral contraceptives","volume":"38","author":"Kloosterboer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.24.4.337","article-title":"Progestogen-induced diabetes in the dog","volume":"24","author":"Sloan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib12","first-page":"345","article-title":"Effects of progestin administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucose homeostasis in dogs","volume":"51","author":"Selman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1960.03020100036007","article-title":"Masculinization of female fetus due to use of orally given progestins","volume":"172","author":"Wilkins","year":"1960","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib14","first-page":"60","article-title":"Suppression of cortisol responses to exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and the occurrence of side effects attributable to glucocorticoid excess, in cats during therapy with megestrol acetate and prednisolone","volume":"51","author":"Middleton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1989.194.05.700","article-title":"Use of megestrol acetate in cats","volume":"194","author":"Romatowski","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib16","first-page":"163","article-title":"The use of hormones, especially progestagens, to control oestrus in bitches","volume":"39","author":"Evans","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(87)91054-5","article-title":"Analysis of the androgenic activity of synthetic \u201cprogestins\u201d currently used for the treatment of prostate cancer","volume":"28","author":"Labrie","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.09.005","article-title":"Not all progestins are the same: implications for usage","volume":"25","author":"Hapgood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1978.tb05534.x","article-title":"Oestrus control in bitches with proligestone, a new progestational steroid","volume":"19","author":"Van Os","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1310422","article-title":"Progestin treatment in the dog. II. Effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis","volume":"131","author":"Selman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(94)90101-5","article-title":"Effects of proligestone and megestrol on plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in cats","volume":"56","author":"Church","year":"1994","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib22","first-page":"1406","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic findings in bitches treated with progestational compounds","volume":"149","author":"Brodey","year":"1966","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587601300209","article-title":"Progestogen-related gross and microscopic changes in female beagles","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib24","first-page":"395","article-title":"Cystic endometrial hyperplasia\/pyometra in dogs: a review of the causes and pathogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Noakes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.07.1225","article-title":"Pet population control in Europe","volume":"198","author":"J\u00f6chle","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1981.9693795","article-title":"Oestrus control and the incidence of mammary nodules in bitches, a clinical study with two progestogens","volume":"3","author":"van Os","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.1.7506206","article-title":"Progestin-induced growth hormone excess in the dog originates in the mammary gland","volume":"134","author":"Selman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib28","first-page":"27","article-title":"Progestagens and mammary tumors in dogs and cats","volume":"125","author":"Misdorp","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1310413","article-title":"Progestin treatment in the dog. I. Effects on growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I and glucose homeostasis","volume":"131","author":"Selman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(95)00216-D","article-title":"Binding specificity of medroxyprogesterone acetate and proligestone for the progesterone and glucocorticoid receptor in the dog","volume":"61","author":"Selman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-106-4-1173","article-title":"Growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol in dogs developing mammary nodules and an acromegaly-like appearance during treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate","volume":"106","author":"Concannon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(73)90011-1","article-title":"Glucocorticoid properties of progestogens","volume":"22","author":"Briggs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-19-11-1369","article-title":"On the fetal masculinizing action of certain oral progestins","volume":"19","author":"Grumbach","year":"1959","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1989.9694206","article-title":"Treatment of problem behaviour in dogs and cats by castration and progestagen administration: a review","volume":"11","author":"Knol","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib35","first-page":"123","article-title":"Effect of progestogens and androgens upon spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in dogs","volume":"51","author":"England","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib36","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Megestrol acetate for control of estrus in the cat","volume":"72","author":"Houdeshell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib37","first-page":"45","article-title":"Feline mammary carcinoma and progestogens","volume":"5","author":"Hernandez","year":"1975","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00251-0","article-title":"New insights in the molecular mechanism of progestin-induced proliferation of mammary epithelium: induction of the local biosynthesis of growth hormone (GH) in the mammary glands of dogs, cats and humans","volume":"57","author":"Mol","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib39","first-page":"341","article-title":"Megestrol acetate and the cat","volume":"26","author":"Middleton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Veterinary Annual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib40","first-page":"1003","article-title":"The suppression of estrus in the dog and cat with long-term administration of synthetic progestational steroids","volume":"24","author":"Harris","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.10.1699","article-title":"Feline mammary hypertrophy\/fibroadenoma complex: clinical and hormonal aspects","volume":"42","author":"Hayden","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15594987","article-title":"Progestins to control feline reproduction: Historical abuse of high doses and potentially safe use of low doses","volume":"17","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib43","unstructured":"Romagnoli S. Non-surgical contraception in dogs and cats. World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress 2009. p. 7."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1977.38.04.469","article-title":"A\u00a0180-day tolerance-efficacy study with mibolerone for suppression of estrus in the cat","volume":"38","author":"Burke","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib45","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"1690","article-title":"Feline reproduction","author":"Shille","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib46","first-page":"255","article-title":"Use of a GnRH analogue implant to produce reversible long-term suppression of reproductive function in male and female domestic dogs","volume":"57","author":"Trigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib47","first-page":"263","article-title":"Suppression of the oestrous responses of bitches to the GnRH analogue deslorelin by progestin","volume":"57","author":"Wright","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.020","article-title":"The influence of exogenous progestin on the occurrence of proestrous or estrous signs, plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and estradiol in deslorelin (GnRH agonist) treated anestrous bitches","volume":"66","author":"Sung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1071\/RD07088","article-title":"Pituitary and testicular endocrine responses to exogenous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinising hormone in male dogs treated with GnRH agonist implants","volume":"19","author":"Junaidi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.02.037","article-title":"A\u00a0review of advances in the use of the GnRH agonist deslorelin in control of reproduction","volume":"66","author":"Trigg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.05.005","article-title":"Reproduction control in cats: new developments in non-surgical methods","volume":"12","author":"Goericke-Pesch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01441.x","article-title":"Clinical use of deslorelin for the control of reproduction in the bitch","volume":"44","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15594990","article-title":"Long-term contraception in a small implant: a review of Suprelorin (deslorelin) studies in cats","volume":"17","author":"Fontaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.11.018","article-title":"Treatment of queens in estrus and after estrus with a GnRH-agonist implant containing 4.7\u00a0mg deslorelin; hormonal response, duration of efficacy, and reversibility","volume":"79","author":"Goericke-Pesch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.01.015","article-title":"Reversibility of germinative and endocrine testicular function after long-term contraception with a GnRH-agonist implant in the tom\u2014a follow-up study","volume":"81","author":"Goericke-Pesch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib56","first-page":"183","article-title":"Applications of pig zona pellucida immunocontraception to wildlife fertility control","volume":"50","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.014","article-title":"Non-surgical methods of contraception and sterilization","volume":"66","author":"Kutzler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02079.x","article-title":"Progress in development of immunocontraceptive vaccines for permanent non-surgical sterilization of cats and dogs","volume":"47","author":"Munks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.3.77","article-title":"Intrauterine device for contraception in dogs","volume":"149","author":"Volpe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.59.185","article-title":"Induction of canine deciduoma in some reproductive stages with the different conditions of corpora lutea","volume":"59","author":"Nomura","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561618300251?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561618300251?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T20:57:25Z","timestamp":1751576245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561618300251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561618300251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-5616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Contraception in Dogs and Cats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}