{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T13:49:04Z","timestamp":1776260944664,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T02:20:48Z","timestamp":1642990848000},"page":"419-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Concepts in Sterilization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Marvel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib1","series-title":"Dog ownership. In: APPA national pet owners survey 2015\u20132016","first-page":"63","author":"American Pet Products","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib2","first-page":"1249","article-title":"Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival","volume":"43","author":"Schneider","year":"1969","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib3","first-page":"430","article-title":"Canine laparoscopic and laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy","volume":"30","author":"Gower","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00124.x","article-title":"Making a rational choice between ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy in the dog: a discussion of the benefits of either technique","volume":"35","author":"van Goethem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.10.1155","article-title":"A\u00a0literature review on the welfare implications of gonadectomy of dogs","volume":"250","author":"Houlihan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00388","article-title":"Assisting decision-making on age of neutering for 35 breeds of dogs: associated joint disorders, cancers, and urinary incontinence","volume":"7","author":"Hart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00472","article-title":"Assisting decision-making on age of neutering for mixed breed dogs of five weight categories: associated joint disorders and cancers","volume":"7","author":"Hart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.34","article-title":"Neutering of German Shepherd Dogs: associated joint disorders, cancers and urinary incontinence","volume":"2","author":"Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102241","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102241","article-title":"Long-term health effects of neutering dogs: comparison of labrador retrievers with golden retrievers","volume":"9","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib10","first-page":"499","article-title":"Neutering is assoociated with developing hemangiosarcoma in dogs in the Veteriniary Medical Database: an age and time-period matched case-conotrol study (1964-2003)","volume":"61","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.3.309","article-title":"Evaluation of the risk and age of onset of cancer and behavioral disorders in gonadectomized Vizslas","volume":"244","author":"Zink","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55937","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055937","article-title":"Neutering dogs: effects on joint disorders and cancers in golden retrievers","volume":"8","author":"Torres de la Riva","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib13","first-page":"1434","article-title":"Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk","volume":"11","author":"Cooley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000146469.08655.e2","article-title":"Canine ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy increases the prevalence of ACL injury","volume":"429","author":"Slauterbeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.12.1818","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs","volume":"232","author":"Witsberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.06.811","article-title":"Breed, sex, and body weight as risk factors for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in young dogs","volume":"215","author":"Duval","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.07.1016","article-title":"Epidemiology of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs","volume":"203","author":"Whitehair","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.307","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and heritability estimates of hind limb lameness caused by hip dysplasia in a birth cohort of boxers","volume":"66","author":"van Hagen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0209131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209131","article-title":"Age at gonadectomy and risk of overweight\/obesity and orthopedic injury in a cohort of Golden Retrievers","volume":"14","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.380","article-title":"Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs","volume":"224","author":"Spain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.11.004","article-title":"The association between acquired urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence in bitches and early spaying: a case-control study","volume":"187","author":"de Bleser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14678","article-title":"Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 163 neutered female dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and relationship of weight and age at neuter to development of disease","volume":"31","author":"Byron","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.2.236","article-title":"Effect of age at gonadectomy on the probability of dogs becoming overweight","volume":"243","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.11.1665","article-title":"Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats","volume":"231","author":"Kustritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02078.x","article-title":"Effects of surgical sterilization on canine and feline health and on society","volume":"47","author":"Root Kustritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61082","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061082","article-title":"Reproductive capability is associated with lifespan and cause of death in companion dogs","volume":"8","author":"Hoffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.209","article-title":"Causes of death or reasons for euthanasia in military working dogs: 927 cases (1993-1996)","volume":"219","author":"Moore","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106527","article-title":"Evaluation of completeness of resection of the glandular portion of the uterus with hysterectomy in dogs - A pilot study","volume":"219","author":"Mejia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib29","first-page":"591753","article-title":"Hormonal and sex impact on the epidemiology of canine lymphoma","volume":"2009","author":"Villamil","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib30","unstructured":"Fransson, B. Laparoscopic Alternative Sterilization Surgeries in 17 Female and 8 Male Dogs. Scientific Presentation Abstracts: ACVS Surgery Summit; October 17-19, 2019;Las Vegas, NV."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Laparoscopic castration in dogs: complications, outcomes, and long-term follow-up","volume":"55","author":"Libermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev V\u00e9t Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00835.x","article-title":"Laparoscopic-assisted colopexy and sterilization in male dogs: short-term results and physiologic consequences","volume":"40","author":"Mathon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.11.1409","article-title":"Ovariohysterectomy versus ovariectomy for elective sterilization of female dogs and cats: is removal of the uterus necessary?","volume":"239","author":"DeTora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.2.189","article-title":"Comparison of surgical variables and short-term postoperative complications in healthy dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy or ovariectomy","volume":"238","author":"Peeters","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib37","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Neoplasms of the canine uterus, vagina, and vulva: a clinicopathologic survey of 90 cases","volume":"151","author":"Brodey","year":"1967","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib38","series-title":"Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"532","article-title":"Tumors of the female reproductive system","author":"Saba","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12781","article-title":"Cystic ovaries and ovarian neoplasia in the female dog - a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Arlt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib40","series-title":"Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"557","article-title":"Tumors of the male reproductive system","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5621","article-title":"Cutaneous MCTs: associations with spay\/neuter status, breed, body size, and phylogenetic cluster","volume":"47","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(98)80059-2","article-title":"Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma","volume":"156","author":"Ru","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib43","series-title":"Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"335","article-title":"Mast cell tumors","author":"London","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192578","article-title":"Association of cancer-related mortality, age and gonadectomy in golden retriever dogs at a veterinary academic center (1989-2016)","volume":"13","author":"Kent","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.039","article-title":"Canine prostatic disease: a review of anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00101-9","article-title":"Prostatic disorders in the dog","volume":"60-61","author":"Johnston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib47","unstructured":"Remillard R. Obesity, a disease to be recognized and managed. In: Ettinger S, Feldman E, eds. Textbook of veterinary Internal medicine. vol. 1. 6th edition.2005."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(96)01133-1","article-title":"The role of gonadal hormones in the occurrence of objectionable behaviours in dogs and cats","volume":"52","author":"Hart","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1976.168.12.1108","article-title":"Castration of adult male dogs: effects on roaming, aggression, urine marking, and mounting","volume":"168","author":"Hopkins","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib50","first-page":"83","article-title":"Ligature of fallopian tubes (salpingectomy) in bitches","volume":"43","author":"Saxena","year":"1966","journal-title":"Indian Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00342","article-title":"Gonad-sparing surgical sterilization in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Kutzler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib52","first-page":"579","article-title":"A\u00a0technique for vasectomy in dogs","volume":"72","author":"Rubin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib53","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Canine vasectomy: a modern solution to an age-old problem. (A photographic essay)","volume":"67","author":"Clinton","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib54","first-page":"399","article-title":"Laparoscopic vasectomy in the male dog","volume":"47","author":"Silva","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121086","article-title":"Desexing dogs: a review of the current literature","volume":"9","author":"Urfer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02727.x","article-title":"Association between ovarihysterectomy and feline mammary carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Overley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.03.582","article-title":"Risk factors for relinquishment of cats to an animal shelter","volume":"209","author":"Patronek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1731","article-title":"Spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures in adult cats: 26 cases (1996-2001)","volume":"221","author":"McNicholas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vet Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561621001674?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561621001674?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T01:47:44Z","timestamp":1759283264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561621001674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561621001674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-5616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Concepts in Sterilization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}