{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T04:00:46Z","timestamp":1749268846411,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T11:14:08Z","timestamp":1747048448000},"page":"731-743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Granulomatous Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Kayla","family":"Prentice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia R.L.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15467","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Webster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16937","article-title":"Characterization of clinical presentation, histological features, ultrasonographic findings, and survival in 29 dogs with granulomatous hepatitis","volume":"38","author":"Prentice","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0215.x","article-title":"Primary hepatitis in dogs: a retrospective review (2002\u20132006)","volume":"23","author":"Poldervaart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib4","series-title":"WSAVA standards for clinical and histological diagnosis of canine and feline liver diseases","first-page":"85","article-title":"Morphological classification of parenchymal disorders of the canine and feline liver: hepatocellular death, hepatitis, and cirrhosis-2 (updated version)","author":"van den Ingh","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712453583","article-title":"Limited yield of diagnoses of intrahepatic infectious causes of canine granulomatous hepatitis from archival liver tissue","volume":"4","author":"Hutchins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.05.680","article-title":"Granulomatous hepatitis in dogs: nine cases (1987-1990)","volume":"203","author":"Chapman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib7","article-title":"Correlation between hepatic lipogranuloma pigmentation and stage of chronic liver disease in dogs","volume":"70","author":"Nagy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bulletin UASVM, Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.133","article-title":"Histopathological characteristics of hepatic lipogranulomas with portosystemic shunt in dogs","volume":"70","author":"Isobe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.11.007","article-title":"Getting the most out of liver biopsy","volume":"47","author":"Lidbury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15340","article-title":"Hepatic leptospiral infections in dogs without obvious renal involvement","volume":"33","author":"McCallum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2004.09.004","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis associated with canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum): a clinicopathological study of 26 cases","volume":"132","author":"Rallis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.06.009","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Cook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6210","article-title":"Angiostrongylus vasorum causing severe granulomatous hepatitis with concurrent multiple acquired PSS","volume":"51","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.47","article-title":"Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae DNA in hepatic specimens from two dogs with hepatic disease","volume":"222","author":"Gillespie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-020-00145-5","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium: an emerging pathogen for dog breeds with hereditary immunodeficiencies","volume":"7","author":"Ghielmetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Clin Microbiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.11.1245","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, and hepatic histopathologic features associated with probable ketoconazole-induced liver injury in dogs: 15 cases (2015-2018)","volume":"256","author":"Macho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820901331","article-title":"A Novel Neorickettsial infection in 3 dogs in the Pacific northwest","volume":"57","author":"Pastenkos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-3-391","article-title":"Systemic granulomatous disease and sialometaplasia in a dog with Bartonella infection","volume":"43","author":"Saunders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib19","article-title":"Granulomatous hepatitis: is it bugs, drugs, or other untoward culprits?","volume":"23","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000392","article-title":"Granulomatous liver diseases","volume":"8","author":"Mironova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(03)00137-5","article-title":"Granulomatous liver disease and cholestasis","volume":"8","author":"Matheus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Liv Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-009714","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: a cause of paraneoplastic cholestasis","volume":"2013","author":"Alirhayim","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199102000-00015","article-title":"Granulomatous hepatitis and fever of unknown origin. An 11-year experience of 23 cases with three years\u2019 follow-up","volume":"13","author":"Zoutman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"year":"2023","series-title":"Greene\u2019s infectious disease of the dog and cat","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib24"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106111","article-title":"Review canine tuberculosis - an emerging concern","volume":"305","author":"Barker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61054-x","article-title":"Increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium complex infection in miniature Schnauzer dogs caused by a codon deletion in CARD9","volume":"14","author":"Mizukami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0501.x","article-title":"Severe hepatitis associated with acute Ehrlichia canis infection in a dog","volume":"24","author":"Mylonakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.06.006","article-title":"Bartonellosis in dogs and cats, an Update","volume":"52","author":"Taber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.002","article-title":"Update on Brucella canis: understanding the past and preparing for the future","volume":"53","author":"Sebzda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib30","article-title":"Intra-abdominal nocardiosis and scedosporiosis in a dog: case report and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Lambert","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10549-z","article-title":"Exploring similarities and differences between Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in dogs","volume":"48","author":"Morganti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16127","article-title":"Heterobilharzia americana infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 60 cases (2010-2019)","volume":"35","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2005.07.003","article-title":"Histoplasmosis in dogs and cats","volume":"20","author":"Br\u00f6mel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.07.005","article-title":"Hepatic granulomas: pathogenesis and differential diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Lagana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.08-VP-0197-S-FL","article-title":"Copper-associated hepatitis in labrador retrievers","volume":"46","author":"Smedley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12065","article-title":"Acquired proximal renal tubular dysfunction in 9 Labrador Retrievers with copper-associated hepatitis (2006-2012)","volume":"27","author":"Langlois","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-6-1022","article-title":"Eosinophilic granulomatous gastroenterocolitis and hepatitis in a 1-year-old male Siberian Husky","volume":"43","author":"Brellou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21219","article-title":"Hepatopancreatobiliary manifestations and complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2022.02.005","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of oxidative stress and apoptosis markers in archived liver specimens from dogs with chronic hepatitis","volume":"193","author":"Yamkate","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.02.002","article-title":"Therapeutic use of cytoprotective agents in canine and feline hepatobiliary disease","volume":"39","author":"Webster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625000300?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625000300?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T03:13:42Z","timestamp":1749179622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561625000300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561625000300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0195-5616"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Granulomatous Hepatitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}