{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:30:11Z","timestamp":1762263011853,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1753156682000},"page":"1085-1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Animal Chiropractic"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Pedro Luis","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemary J.","family":"LoGiudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004","article-title":"Chiropractic: a critical evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Ernst","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-017-0151-1","article-title":"Unravelling functional neurology: a scoping review of theories and clinical applications in a context of chiropractic manual therapy","volume":"25","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19715","article-title":"Low back pain","volume":"326","author":"Traeger","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.02.008","article-title":"Veterinary spinal manipulative therapy or animal chiropractic in veterinary rehabilitation","volume":"53","author":"LoGiudice","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib6","first-page":"52","article-title":"Spinal manipulation or Animal Chiropractic and the musculoskeletal system - its influence in quadruped locomotion","volume":"16","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integrative Veterinary Care Winter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib7","first-page":"41","article-title":"Veterinary spinal manipulation (animal chiropractic): a functional neuro-anatomical approach to help aging pets requiring palliative or hospice care","volume":"56","author":"Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAHVMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib8","first-page":"315","article-title":"Local, segmental, and suprasegmental influece of spinal manipulation","author":"Rivera","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAEP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib9","series-title":"The veterinary Clinics of North America equine pracitce: back problems","first-page":"197","article-title":"Chiropractic evaluation and management","author":"Haussler","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib10","series-title":"Complementary and alternative veterinary medicine - principles and practice","first-page":"185","article-title":"Chiropractic care","author":"Willoughby","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echu.2018.10.009","article-title":"The chiropractic vertebral subluxation Part 2: the earliest subluxation theories from 1902 to 1907","volume":"25","author":"Senzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chiropr Humanit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib12","series-title":"Foundations of chiropractic - subluxation","first-page":"6","article-title":"What\u2019s in a word?","author":"Gatterman","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echu.2018.10.002","article-title":"The chiropractic vertebral subluxation Part 1: introduction","volume":"25","author":"Senzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chiropr Humanit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.5.PEDS1394","article-title":"Cerebellar seizures","volume":"12","author":"Boop","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib15","series-title":"Alternative medicine - expanding medical horizons","first-page":"113","article-title":"Manual healing methods","author":"Brennan","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib16","article-title":"What is Chiropractic?","author":"Association","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Chiropractic Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib17","series-title":"Fundamentals of chiropractic","first-page":"15","article-title":"The chiropractic paradigm","author":"Cleveland","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echu.2016.09.002","article-title":"Analysis and adjustment of vertebral subluxation as a separate and distinct identity for the chiropractic profession: a commentary","volume":"23","author":"Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Humanit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1067\/mmt.2001.114365","article-title":"A pilot randomized clinical trial on the relative effect of instrumental (MFMA) versus manual (HVLA) manipulation in the treatment of cervical spine dysfunction","volume":"24","author":"Wood","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib22","series-title":"The chiropractic theories - a textbook of scientific research","first-page":"29","article-title":"Chiropractic terminology","author":"Leach","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib23","first-page":"44","article-title":"Chiropractic functional neurology: an introduction","volume":"16","author":"Margach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr Med (Encinitas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib24","series-title":"The chiropractic theories - a textbook of scientific research","first-page":"3","article-title":"General introduction","author":"Leach","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib25","series-title":"The vertebral subluxation complex","first-page":"196","author":"Seaman","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib26","series-title":"Fundamentals of chiropractic","first-page":"129","article-title":"Vertebral subluxation","author":"Cleveland","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib27","series-title":"The vertebral subluxation complex. Foundations of chiropractic subluxation","first-page":"150","author":"Lantz","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-018-0218-7","article-title":"The interrater reliability of static palpation of the thoracic spine for eliciting tenderness and stiffness to test for a manipulable lesion","volume":"26","author":"Beynon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.04.012","article-title":"Equine performance and autonomic nervous system improvement after joint manipulation: a case study","volume":"55","author":"McQueen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib30","first-page":"97","article-title":"The clinical value of motion palpation as a diagnostic tool: a review","volume":"27","author":"Alley","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Can Chiro Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.08.009","article-title":"Interexaminer reliability of seated motion palpation for the stiffest spinal site","volume":"41","author":"Holt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-016-0131-x","article-title":"The reliability of spinal motion palpation determination of the location of the stiffest spinal site is influenced by confidence ratings: a secondary analysis of three studies","volume":"24","author":"Cooperstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib33","first-page":"156","article-title":"Interexaminer reliability of cervical motion palpation using continuous measures and rater confidence levels","volume":"57","author":"Cooperstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Can Chiropr Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib34","first-page":"91","article-title":"Some physical mechanisms and affects of spinal adjustments","volume":"6","author":"Sandoz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib35","series-title":"Fundamental of chiropractic","first-page":"220","article-title":"Palpation: the art of manual assessment","author":"Scaringe","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-709X-21-36","article-title":"Review of methods used by chiropractors to determine the site for applying manipulation","volume":"21","author":"Triano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03551-4","article-title":"Intra- and inter-rater reliability of thoracic spine mobility and posture assessments in subjects with thoracic spine pain","volume":"21","author":"Takatalo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.7899\/JCE-20-2","article-title":"Developing a standardized curriculum for teaching chiropractic technique","volume":"35","author":"Gleberzon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Chiropr Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib39","series-title":"Clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord and ANS","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surface anatomy of the back and vertebral levels of clinically important structures","author":"Bakkum","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-5-19","article-title":"An investigation into the validity of cervical spine motion palpation using subjects with congenital block vertebrae as a \u2018gold standard\u2019","volume":"5","author":"Humphreys","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2005.04.007","article-title":"Clinical tests of musculoskeletal dysfunction in the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache","volume":"11","author":"Zito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2003.12.025","article-title":"Degenerative changes following spinal fixation in a small animal model","volume":"27","author":"Cramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib43","series-title":"Canine Sports medicine and rehabilitation","first-page":"545","article-title":"The role of acupuncture and manipulative therapy in canine rehabilitation","author":"Medina","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib44","series-title":"Canine rehabilitation and physical therapy","first-page":"92","article-title":"Responses of musculoskeletal tissues to disuse and remobilization","author":"Millis","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib45","first-page":"326","article-title":"The effects of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headaches","volume":"20","author":"Nilsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib46","first-page":"68","article-title":"The efficacy of manual treatment in low back pain: a clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Arkuszewski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Manual Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib47","first-page":"484","article-title":"Effects of chiropractic treatment on blood pressure and anxiety: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Yate","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib48","first-page":"570","article-title":"The immediate effect of manipulation versus mobilization on pain and range of motion in the cervical spine: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Cassidy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.56641\/REEB3234","article-title":"Spinal manipulation and seizure management\u2014can spinal manipulation Be an adjunct therapy for managing seizures in humans or domestic animals?","volume":"70","author":"Rivera","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Holist Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.10.006","article-title":"Response of lumbar paraspinal muscles spindles is greater to spinal manipulative loading compared with slower loading under length control","volume":"7","author":"Pickar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211150-00008","article-title":"The effects of side-posture positioning and spinal adjusting on the lumbar Z joints: a randomized controlled trial with sixty-four subjects","volume":"27","author":"Cramer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.04.003","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging zygapophyseal joint space changes (gapping) in low back pain patients following spinal manipulation and side-posture positioning: a randomized controlled mechanisms trial with blinding","volume":"36","author":"Cramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2010.08.002","article-title":"Zygapophyseal joint adhesions after induced hypomobility","volume":"33","author":"Cramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3799-x","article-title":"The effects of a single session of spinal manipulation on strength and cortical drive in athletes","volume":"118","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2006.09.003","article-title":"Basic science research related to chiropractic spinal adjusting: the state of the art and recommendations revisited","volume":"29","author":"Cramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2010.11.008","article-title":"Evaluating the relationship among cavitation, zygapophyseal joint gapping, and spinal manipulation: an exploratory case series","volume":"34","author":"Cramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2010.11.004","article-title":"Synovial folds - a pain in the neck?","volume":"16","author":"Webb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib58","series-title":"Clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ANS","first-page":"586","article-title":"Microscopic anatomy of the zygapophysial joints, intervertebral discs, and other major tissues of the back","author":"Cramer","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1340-13-16","article-title":"Reflex control of the spine and posture: a review of the literature from a chiropractic perspective","volume":"13","author":"Morningstar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chiropr Osteopathy"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.07.006","article-title":"The role of manual therapies in equine pain management","volume":"26","author":"Haussler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2015.12.003","article-title":"Joint mobilization and manipulation for the equine athlete","volume":"32","author":"Haussler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy and chiropractic care on stress reduction. College of Social and Behavioral Sciences","author":"Williams","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib62"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1067\/mmt.2002.122328","article-title":"The effect of chiropractic manipulation on salivary cortisol levels","volume":"25","author":"Whelan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr039","article-title":"Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications","volume":"134","author":"Cramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62817-2_1","article-title":"What is neural plasticity?","volume":"1015","author":"von Bernhardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X250292","article-title":"Effect of chiropractic manipulation in the kinematics of back and limbs in horses with clinically diagnosed back problems","volume":"40","author":"Gomez-Alvarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib67","series-title":"Healing Oasis wellness center - VSMT postgraduate certification program","first-page":"1","article-title":"The clinical anatomy of spinal manipulative therapy","author":"Cramer","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adverse events and manual therapy: a Systematic Review","author":"Carnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Manual Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2003.12.023","article-title":"Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations: a systematic review and risk assessment","volume":"27","author":"Oliphant","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Therap"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib70","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of chiropractic care and cervical artery dissection: No evidence for causation","volume":"8","author":"Church","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-015-0063-x","article-title":"Chiropractic care and the risk of vertebrobasilar stroke: results of a case-control study in U.S. commercial and Medicare Advantage populations","volume":"23","author":"Kosloff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Ther"},{"year":"1993","series-title":"The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of chiropractic management of low-back pain","author":"Manga","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib72"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib73","unstructured":"Bigos SC. Clinical practice guidelines - number 14 - acute low back problems in adults: US dept. of Health and Human Services, 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209010-00021","article-title":"Reliability and validity of lumbosacral spine radiograph reading by chiropractors, chiropractic radiologists, and medical radiologists","volume":"27","author":"de Zoete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1179\/2042618615Y.0000000012","article-title":"Safety of thrust joint manipulation in the thoracic spine: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Puentedura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib76","first-page":"232","article-title":"Standards of practice relative to complications of and contraindications to SMT","volume":"35","author":"Gatterman","year":"1991","journal-title":"JCCA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib77","series-title":"Integrative medicine in veterinary practice","first-page":"563","article-title":"Veterinary spinal manipulation therapy","author":"McFaddin","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.03.018","article-title":"A current life table and causes of death for insured dogs in Japan","volume":"120","author":"Inoue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1086\/669665","article-title":"The size-life span trade-off decomposed: why large dogs die young","volume":"181","author":"Krause","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5326\/0410081","article-title":"AAHA Senior care guidelines for dogs and cats","volume":"41","author":"Epstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib81","unstructured":"Seymour K. Aging Pets: Senior, Geriatric and What it All Means to Experts and Readers. Vetstreet Website: http:\/\/www.vetstreet.com\/our-pet-experts\/aging-petssenior-geriatric-and-what-it-all-means-toexperts-and-readers, 2014;4."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib82","first-page":"71","article-title":"The sensorimotor system, part I: the physiologic basis of functional joint stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12045.x","article-title":"The role of muscle activation in cruciate disease","volume":"42","author":"Adrian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13270","article-title":"Fundamental principles of rehabilitation and musculoskeletal tissue healing","volume":"49","author":"Kirkby Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib86","first-page":"80","article-title":"The sensorimotor system, Part II: the role of proprioception in motor control and functional joint stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"year":"2010","series-title":"Guide to the dissection of the dog","author":"Evans","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib87"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib89","series-title":"Disorders of micturition. Handbook of veterinary neurology","first-page":"58","author":"Lorenz","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583342","article-title":"Bladder and bowel management in dogs with spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Granger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12420","article-title":"Chiropractic abnormalities of the lumbar spine significantly associated with urinary incontinence and retention in dogs","volume":"56","author":"Thude","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib92","article-title":"Top 5 reasons for fecal house soiling in senior pets","author":"Rudinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Team"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.11.003","article-title":"Canine incontinence","volume":"49","author":"Acierno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib94","series-title":"Essentials of radiofrequency ablation of the spine and joints","first-page":"135","article-title":"Sacroiliac joint","author":"Heros","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.03.008","article-title":"The basis for spinal manipulation: chiropractic perspective of indications and theory","volume":"22","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.709966","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematics of the pelvis and caudal lumbar spine in German shepherd dogs","volume":"8","author":"Schaub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13109","article-title":"The prevalence of sacroiliac joint CT and MRI findings is high in large breed dogs","volume":"63","author":"Wise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","article-title":"Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib99","first-page":"173","article-title":"Reversal of paraplegia secondary to intervertebral disc disease in 24 canines with vertebral subluxation: a retrospective analysis of outcomes following chiropractic","author":"Cole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Vert Sublux Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S176","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181644600","article-title":"Risk of Vertebro-basilar stroke and chiropractic care: results of a population based case-control and case-crossover study","volume":"33","author":"Cassidy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625000907?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625000907?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:24:17Z","timestamp":1762262657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561625000907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561625000907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0195-5616"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Animal Chiropractic","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.06.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}