{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T16:14:22Z","timestamp":1772900062948,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100029348","name":"American Kennel Club Humane Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02683-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02683-A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100029348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100029348","name":"American Kennel Club Humane Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-54-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-54-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100029348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T19:45:14Z","timestamp":1757015114000},"page":"e13-e24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Immune-Mediated Chronic Hepatitis in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Tarini","family":"Ullal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Shropshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0215.x","article-title":"Primary hepatitis in dogs: a retrospective review (2002-2006)","volume":"23","author":"Poldervaart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15591","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of presumed idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Ullal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15467","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Webster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib4","series-title":"Morphological classification of parenchymal disorders of the canine and feline liver","author":"Van den Ingh","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.01.002","article-title":"Cellular interactions in self-directed immune-mediated liver diseases","volume":"82","author":"Bozward","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31065","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in adults and children: 2019 practice guidance and guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"72","author":"Mack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.020","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"95","author":"Floreani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.68.1219","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of hepatic T lymphocytes in a dog with chronic hepatitis","volume":"68","author":"Sakai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.38-6-628","article-title":"Characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate in canine chronic hepatitis","volume":"38","author":"Boisclair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042584","article-title":"DLA Class II alleles and haplotypes are associated with risk for and protection from chronic hepatitis in the English springer spaniel","volume":"7","author":"Bexfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2010.01575.x","article-title":"Association of doberman hepatitis to Canine major histocompatibility complex ii","volume":"77","author":"Dyggve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(03)00134-X","article-title":"Upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class ii antigens in hepatocytes in doberman hepatitis","volume":"96","author":"Speeti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14891","article-title":"Hepatic fibrosis in dogs","volume":"32","author":"Eulenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.024","article-title":"Breed, age and gender distribution of dogs with chronic hepatitis in the United Kingdom","volume":"193","author":"Bexfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01184.x","article-title":"Lack of associations between ultrasonographic appearance of parenchymal lesions of the canine liver and histological diagnosis","volume":"53","author":"Warren-Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12091","article-title":"A comparison of hepatic sonographic features and histopathologic diagnosis in canine liver disease: 138 cases","volume":"27","author":"Kemp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.487-491","article-title":"Clinico-hemato-biochemical profile of dogs with liver cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Elhiblu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00691.x","article-title":"Portal hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Buob","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13315","article-title":"Prevalence of portal vein thrombosis detected by computed tomography angiography in dogs","volume":"62","author":"von Stade","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6818","article-title":"Clinicopathological correlation and prevalence of increased copper in canine hepatic cytology","volume":"55","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12401","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of wright-giemsa and rhodanine stain protocols for detection and semi-quantitative grading of copper in canine liver aspirates","volume":"45","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2001.tb00254.x","article-title":"Comparison of liver cytology and biopsy diagnoses in dogs and cats: 56 cases","volume":"30","author":"Roth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12126","article-title":"American cocker spaniel chronic hepatitis in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Kanemoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1988.193.09.1109","article-title":"Effects of corticosteroid treatment on survival time in dogs with chronic hepatitis: 151 cases (1977\u20131985)","volume":"193","author":"Strombeck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2013.826881","article-title":"A retrospective study of oral prednisolone treatment in canine chronic hepatitis","volume":"33","author":"Favier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00515","article-title":"Side effects to systemic glucocorticoid therapy in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK","volume":"7","author":"Elkholly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15337","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement: support for rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants to dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Marks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625000981?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625000981?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:30:09Z","timestamp":1772832609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561625000981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561625000981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-5616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immune-Mediated Chronic Hepatitis in Dogs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.07.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}