{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T22:28:59Z","timestamp":1771367339002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T12:27:46Z","timestamp":1766492866000},"page":"375-389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sensory Decline"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Adelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.04.003","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: a disease of canine and feline brain aging","volume":"42","author":"Landsberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0458","article-title":"Physical signs of canine cognitive dysfunction","volume":"81","author":"Ozawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16510","article-title":"Relationship between hearing, cognitive function, and quality of life in aging companion dogs","volume":"36","author":"Fefer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.70003","article-title":"Characteristics of low-speed vehicular rollover trauma in dogs presenting to an emergency service at a veterinary teaching hospital","volume":"35","author":"Yoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.08.010","article-title":"Canine deafness","volume":"42","author":"Strain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib6","unstructured":"Haar, Gert ter. \u201cAge-related hearing loss in dogs and treatment with vibrant soundbridge middle ear implant.\u201d Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow 2010, (2010)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0126.x","article-title":"Effects of aging on brainstem responses to toneburst auditory stimuli: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Ter Haar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.03.017","article-title":"Clinical signs and management of anxiety, sleeplessness, and cognitive dysfunction in the senior pet","volume":"41","author":"Landsberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.41","article-title":"Age-related changes in the cochlea and cochlear nuclei of dogs","volume":"60","author":"Shimada","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib10","article-title":"Voxelwise analysis of the central hearing pathway in senior dogs reveals changes associated with fractional lifespan","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2025.04.005","article-title":"Turn the volume down: noise hypersensitivity in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Chin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.01.006","article-title":"Risk factors associated with behavioral problems in dogs","volume":"6","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.08.020","article-title":"Noise sensitivity in 17 dog breeds: prevalence, breed risk and correlation with fear in other situations","volume":"171","author":"Storengen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00017","article-title":"Noise sensitivities in dogs: an exploration of signs in dogs with and without musculoskeletal pain using qualitative content analysis","volume":"5","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.189244","article-title":"Characteristics of hyperacusis in the general population","volume":"83","author":"Paulin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.03.026","article-title":"Quality of life in hearing-impaired adults: the role of cochlear implants and hearing aids","volume":"131","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5567","article-title":"Hearing aids and health-related quality of life in adults with hearing loss","volume":"319","author":"Kitterick","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.4.482","article-title":"Effect of kennel noise on hearing in dogs","volume":"73","author":"Scheifele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2019.100362","article-title":"Noise-induced hearing loss in 3 working dogs","volume":"37","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3819\/CCBR.2020.150002","article-title":"Functional performance of the visual system in dogs and humans: a comparative perspective","volume":"15","author":"Barber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp Cogn Behav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00114-X","article-title":"When dogs seem to lose their nose: an investigation on the use of visual and olfactory cues in communicative context between dog and owner","volume":"83","author":"Szetei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29361-x","article-title":"A novel task of canine olfaction for use in adult and senior pet dogs","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051300","article-title":"Impact of aging and visual input on postural stability in dogs: insights from center-of-pressure analysis","volume":"25","author":"Lutonsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1244518","article-title":"Subjective vision assessment in companion dogs using dogVLQ demonstrates age-associated visual dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Rogers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-023-09938-7","article-title":"Age-associated changes in electroretinography measures in companion dogs","volume":"147","author":"Salzman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib26","unstructured":"Gelatt KN, Gilger BC, Kern TJ, et al, editiors. Veterinary ophthalmology. 6th edition. Wiley-Blackwell; 2021:Vol 1, Ch 5:225-244."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.17221\/106\/2021-VETMED","article-title":"Refractive errors in mixed breed dogs of different ages","volume":"68","author":"Balicka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.946","article-title":"Refractive states of eyes and association between ametropia and breed in dogs","volume":"69","author":"Kubai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib29","series-title":"\u201cLens\u201d. Slatter\u2019s fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology","first-page":"258","author":"Ofri","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2016.5","article-title":"Antioxidant supplementation increases retinal responses and decreases refractive error changes in dogs","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.5.583","article-title":"Evaluation of cognitive learning, memory, psychomotor, immunologic, and retinal functions in healthy puppies fed foods fortified with docosahexaenoic acid\u2013rich fish oil from 8 to 52 weeks of age","volume":"241","author":"Zicker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib32","first-page":"2387","article-title":"Diets enriched in docosahexaenoic acid fail to correct progressive rod-cone degeneration (prcd) phenotype","volume":"38","author":"Aguirre","year":"1997","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132203","article-title":"The relationship between signs of medical conditions and cognitive decline in senior dogs","volume":"13","author":"Wrightson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.11.007","article-title":"Under diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction: a cross-sectional survey of older companion dogs","volume":"184","author":"Salvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310299","article-title":"Dual sensory impairments in companion dogs: prevalence and relationship to cognitive impairment","volume":"19","author":"Hopper","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib36","first-page":"211","article-title":"The association between hearing impairment, vision impairment, dual sensory impairment, and serious cognitive impairment: findings from a population-based study of 5.4 million older adults","volume":"6","author":"Fuller-Thomson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzh Dis Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.07.013","article-title":"Owner reported sensory impairments affect behavioural signs associated with cognitive decline in dogs","volume":"157","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14243651","article-title":"Frailty and mortality risk among dogs with extreme longevity: development and predictive validity of a clinical frailty index in the exceptional aging in rottweilers study","volume":"14","author":"Waters","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1335463","article-title":"Establishing a clinically applicable frailty phenotype screening tool for aging dogs","volume":"11","author":"Russell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.1.67","article-title":"Common physical and functional changes associated with aging in dogs","volume":"246","author":"Bellows","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.3","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in cats: update on neuropathological anzsd behavioural changes plus clinical management","volume":"188","author":"Sordo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00100","article-title":"Aging of attentiveness in border collies and other pet dog breeds: the protective benefits of lifelong training","volume":"9","author":"Chapagain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625001603?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625001603?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T21:41:33Z","timestamp":1771364493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561625001603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561625001603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-5616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sensory Decline","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.09.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}