{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:53:59Z","timestamp":1781546039918,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:30:54Z","timestamp":1771590654000},"page":"563-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aerodigestive and Esophageal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Grobman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201310-360OC","article-title":"The spectrum of lung disease due to chronic occult aspiration","volume":"11","author":"Cardasis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200712-1869OC","article-title":"Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study","volume":"178","author":"Celli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib3","first-page":"141","article-title":"Digestive disorders associated with the chronic obstructive respiratory syndrome of brachycephalic dogs: 30 cases (1999-2001)","volume":"155","author":"Lecoindre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revue de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00057.x","article-title":"Long-term results of upper respiratory syndrome surgery and gastrointestinal tract medical treatment in 51 brachycephalic dogs","volume":"47","author":"Poncet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16661","article-title":"A one health review of aerodigestive disease in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Grobman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199309000-00024","article-title":"Swallowing as a protective reflex for the upper respiratory tract","volume":"79","author":"Nishino","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.06.001","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of feeding and swallowing: normal and abnormal","volume":"19","author":"Matsuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.5.1266","article-title":"Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal subjects. Comparative study","volume":"111","author":"Gleeson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14676","article-title":"Standardization of a videofluoroscopic swallow study protocol to investigate dysphagia in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874306401812010001","article-title":"Gastric aspiration and its role in airway inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Respir Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198907000-00017","article-title":"Acute acid aspiration lung injury in the rat: biphasic pathogenesis","volume":"69","author":"Kennedy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31820a856b","article-title":"Aspiration-induced lung injury","volume":"39","author":"Raghavendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.06.012","article-title":"The emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps in respiratory disease","volume":"156","author":"Twaddell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081932","article-title":"A fragile balance: does neutrophil extracellular trap formation drive pulmonary disease progression?","volume":"10","author":"Block","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921077","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.921077","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps are found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of horses with severe asthma and correlate with asthma severity. Original research","volume":"13","author":"Janssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13169","article-title":"Between GERD and NERD: the relevance of weakly acidic reflux","volume":"1380","author":"de Bortoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119599692.ch12","article-title":"Role of histology and cytology in esophageal diseases","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Esophagus"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.05260.x","article-title":"The role of pepsin in acid injury to esophageal epithelium","volume":"96","author":"Tobey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6523","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i39.6523","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease: update on inflammation and symptom perception","volume":"19","author":"Altomare","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib20","article-title":"Mucosal pathogenesis in gastro-esophageal reflux disease","volume":"32","author":"Ustaoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i17.105281","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors of esophageal reflux hypersensitivity: a multicenter study","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020318","article-title":"Pain and problem behavior in cats and dogs","volume":"10","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04399-9","article-title":"Megaoesophagus associated to inflammatory infiltrate in the autonomous plexus in a 7-year-old Spanish water dog","volume":"20","author":"Ruiz-Campillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20551169251341055","article-title":"Lower esophageal sphincter achalasia-like syndrome causing megaesophagus in a cat","volume":"11","author":"Reinero","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg Open Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15578","article-title":"Videofluoroscopic swallow study features of lower esophageal sphincter achalasia-like syndrome in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Grobman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70184","article-title":"Esophageal candidiasis in two dogs with megaesophagus: a case report","volume":"39","author":"Anderson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17054","article-title":"Incidence and characterization of aerophagia in dogs using videofluoroscopic swallow studies","volume":"38","author":"Grobman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16685","article-title":"Videofluoroscopic swallow study abnormalities identify aerodigestive disorders in dogs with respiratory disease versus healthy controls","volume":"37","author":"Howard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16485","article-title":"Evaluation of aerodigestive disease and diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernia in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs","volume":"36","author":"Luciani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105344","article-title":"Aerodigestive disorders in dogs evaluated for cough using respiratory fluoroscopy and videofluoroscopic swallow studies","volume":"251","author":"Grobman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.3.292","article-title":"Aspiration-related respiratory disorders in dogs","volume":"253","author":"Nafe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16553","article-title":"Incidence, clinical signs, and videofluoroscopic swallow study abnormalities associated with airway penetration and aspiration in 100 dogs","volume":"36","author":"Grobman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.11.001","article-title":"Laryngeal disease in dogs and cats: an update","volume":"50","author":"MacPhail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.11.1748","article-title":"Etiology and clinical outcome in dogs with aspiration pneumonia: 88 cases (2004\u20132006)","volume":"233","author":"Kogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111601","article-title":"Recognition and diagnosis of underlying disease processes in bacterial pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Dear","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.08.003","article-title":"Esophagitis in cats and dogs","volume":"51","author":"Kook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119501237.ch52","article-title":"Disorders of the esophagus","author":"Funes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16405","article-title":"Antimicrobial discontinuation in dogs with acute aspiration pneumonia based on clinical improvement and normalization of C-reactive protein concentration","volume":"36","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib39","article-title":"A clinical investigation on serum amyloid a concentration in client-owned healthy and diseased cats in a primary care animal hospital","volume":"7","author":"Yuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105388","article-title":"Thoracic computed tomographic interpretation for clinicians to aid in the diagnosis of dogs and cats with respiratory disease","volume":"253","author":"Masseau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12156","article-title":"Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs","volume":"55","author":"Gory","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.7.1005","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the esophagus in healthy dogs","volume":"74","author":"Baloi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15798","article-title":"Detection of silent reflux events by nuclear scintigraphy in healthy dogs","volume":"34","author":"Grobman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.889331","article-title":"A comparative assessment of the diagnosis of swallowing impairment and gastroesophageal reflux in canines and humans","volume":"9","author":"Ullal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12684","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of surgical management of sliding hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux in dogs","volume":"46","author":"Mayhew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17048","article-title":"Evaluating acidic gastroesophageal reflux with wireless pH monitoring in French bulldogs with sliding hiatal herniation","volume":"38","author":"Ullal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211062096","article-title":"Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit times and pH in healthy cats using a continuous pH monitoring system","volume":"24","author":"Telles","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm24051","article-title":"Baseline impedance via manometry predicts pathological mean nocturnal baseline impedance in isolated laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00744.x","article-title":"Esophageal dysmotility in young dogs","volume":"20","author":"Bexfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12449","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders in critically ill dogs and cats","volume":"26","author":"Whitehead","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib51","article-title":"Impact of anesthesia drugs on digestive motility measurements in humans: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Renard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010044","article-title":"Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus in the German shepherd dog is a sex-differentiated trait and is associated with an intronic variable number tandem repeat in melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2","volume":"18","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.259.2.172","article-title":"A comparative analysis of two unrelated outbreaks in Latvia and Australia of acquired idiopathic megaesophagus in dogs fed two brands of commercial dry dog foods: 398 cases (2014-2018)","volume":"259","author":"Hurley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib54","first-page":"215","article-title":"Generalized megaesophagus associated with Schmidt-like syndrome in a dog","volume":"15","author":"Azargoun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15476","article-title":"Mechanical dilation, botulinum toxin A injection, and surgical myotomy with fundoplication for treatment of lower esophageal sphincter achalasia-like syndrome in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Grobman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103832","article-title":"Sildenafil improves clinical signs and radiographic features in dogs with congenital idiopathic megaoesophagus: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"180","author":"Quintavalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/08941930500248656","article-title":"Relationship between upper airway obstruction and gastroesophageal reflux in a dog model","volume":"18","author":"Boesch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15337","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement: support for rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants to dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Marks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625002098?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561625002098?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:10:47Z","timestamp":1781543447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561625002098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561625002098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-5616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Aerodigestive and Esophageal Diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.12.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}