{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:57:27Z","timestamp":1790719047578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:53:31Z","timestamp":1785455611000},"page":"1181-1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What\u2019s Old Is New"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Roger Ramirez","family":"Barrios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamilyah Richelle","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.06.004","article-title":"Canine chagas\u2019 disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in North America","volume":"39","author":"Barr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.06.008","article-title":"Veterinary Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Hamer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e711","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00265-2","article-title":"Pathogen diversity, immunity, and the fate of infections: lessons learned from Trypanosoma cruzi human\u2013host interactions","volume":"3","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3109.241700","article-title":"Chagas disease, an endemic disease in the United States","volume":"31","author":"Beatty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-013120-043949","article-title":"Chagas disease ecology in the United States: recent advances in understanding Trypanosoma cruzi transmission among triatomines, wildlife, and domestic animals and a quantitative synthesis of vector\u2013host interactions","volume":"10","author":"Busselman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009935","article-title":"High incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in dogs directly detected through longitudinal tracking at 10 multi-dog kennels, Texas, USA","volume":"15","author":"Busselman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0789","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi (agent of chagas disease) in sympatric human and dog populations in \u201ccolonias\u201d of the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas","volume":"96","author":"Curtis-Robles","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-11047-6","article-title":"A critical review of American Trypanosomiasis (AT) in dogs with the current distribution of cases in Brazil and a diagnostic approach for veterinary Clinicians","volume":"50","author":"De Oliveira Neto","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005298","article-title":"Epidemiology and molecular typing of Trypanosoma cruzi in naturally-infected hound dogs and associated triatomine vectors in Texas, USA","volume":"11","author":"Curtis-Robles","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005819","article-title":"Widespread Trypanosoma cruzi infection in government working dogs along the Texas-Mexico border: discordant serology, parasite genotyping and associated vectors. Bartholomeu DC","volume":"11","author":"Meyers","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0213","article-title":"What do we know about chagas disease in the United States?","volume":"95","author":"Montgomery","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000400010","article-title":"Comparison of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs inoculated with blood or metacyclic trypomastigotes of Berenice-62 and Berenice-78 strains via intraperitoneal and conjunctival routes","volume":"35","author":"Bahia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1658198","article-title":"Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (2000\u20132024)","volume":"12","author":"Agbajelola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106762","article-title":"Bayesian assessment of three serological tests for the screening of Trypanosoma cruzi in hunting dogs of Virginia and West Virginia, USA","volume":"247","author":"Guarda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3572-y","article-title":"High prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in shelter dogs from southern Louisiana, USA","volume":"12","author":"Elmayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib16","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in dogs from Virginia","volume":"57","author":"Rosypal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib17","first-page":"216","article-title":"Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs and small mammals in Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico","volume":"49","author":"Galaviz-Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15516","article-title":"Risk factors and select cardiac characteristics in dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi presenting to a teaching hospital in Texas","volume":"33","author":"Meyers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02322-6","article-title":"Selected cardiac abnormalities in Trypanosoma cruzi serologically positive, discordant, and negative working dogs along the Texas-Mexico border","volume":"16","author":"Meyers","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.04.497","article-title":"Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs: 11 cases (1987-1996)","volume":"213","author":"Meurs","year":"1998","journal-title":"javma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.03.001","article-title":"Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in naturally infected dogs and cats using serological, parasitological and molecular methods","volume":"126","author":"Enriquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.05.007","article-title":"Chagas cardiomyopathy: the potential effect of benznidazole treatment on diastolic dysfunction and cardiac damage in dogs chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"161","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01338-z","article-title":"Randomized field trial of a therapeutic vaccine against Trypanosoma cruzi natural infection in dogs and correlates for efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Quintal","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2026.2632658","article-title":"Vaccines against chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection: progress, challenges and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Dumonteil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05343-2","article-title":"Treatment of dogs with fluralaner reduced pyrethroid-resistant Triatoma infestans abundance, Trypanosoma cruzi infection and human-triatomine contact in the Argentine Chaco","volume":"15","author":"G\u00fcrtler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00196-6","article-title":"Follow-up of experimental chronic Chagas\u2019 disease in dogs: use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared with parasitological and serological methods","volume":"81","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013502","article-title":"Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in coyotes in Washington State, USA highlights need for increased wildlife surveillance","volume":"20","author":"Hentati","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib28","series-title":"Thorgeir Lawrence","first-page":"14","article-title":"World Health Organization, Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites","author":"Food and Agriculture Oraginzation of the United Nations","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.07.0471","article-title":"Emerging Echinococcus tapeworms: fecal PCR detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in 26 dogs from the United States and Canada (2022\u20132024)","volume":"263","author":"Evason","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib30","series-title":"Georgis\u2019 parasitology for veterinarians","author":"Bowman","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis: a review","volume":"135","author":"Woolsey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.002","article-title":"Ecology and life cycle patterns of echinococcus species","volume":"95","author":"Romig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.07.010","article-title":"Geographic pattern of genetic variation in the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"58","author":"Nakao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2025.07.003","article-title":"Changing distribution, diversity, and health impact of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe and North America: Comparison, connections, and opportunities","volume":"128","author":"Jenkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.01.034","article-title":"Human alveolar echinococcosis-global, regional, and national annual incidence and prevalence rates","volume":"31","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m-Stadelmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04198-9","article-title":"Retrospective investigation of Echinococcus canadensis emergence in translocated elk (Cervus canadensis) in Tennessee, USA, and examination of canid definitive hosts","volume":"13","author":"Dell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.001","article-title":"Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis","volume":"95","author":"Deplazes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.9.1041","article-title":"Intestinal echinococcosis in a dog from Missouri","volume":"256","author":"Kuroki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221104754","article-title":"Alveolar echinococcosis in a dog in Missouri, USA","volume":"34","author":"Kuroki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib41","series-title":"Veterinary clinical parasitology","author":"Zajac","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.12.0540","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of four dogs with alveolar echinococcosis in the northwestern United States","volume":"261","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1645\/22-104","article-title":"Novel report of the European variant of Echinococcus multilocularis in coyotes (Canis latrans) in New York state","volume":"109","author":"Conlon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib44","unstructured":"Garrett K. Surveillance for Echinococcus species infections among wild canids in Pennsylvania. PowerPoint presented at: AAVP 66th Annual Meeting 2021; June 21, 2021; Lexington, Kentucky."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720943842","article-title":"Alveolar echinococcosis in a dog in the eastern United States","volume":"32","author":"Zajac","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.03.0179","article-title":"Novel molecular diagnostic (PCR) diagnosis and outcome of intestinal Echinococcus multilocularis in a dog from Western Canada","volume":"261","author":"Evason","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103470","article-title":"Clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapy and outcome of alveolar echinococcosis in dogs","volume":"177","author":"Corsini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290350024014","article-title":"Alveolar hydatid disease in Minnesota. First human case acquired in the contiguous United States","volume":"241","author":"Gamble","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa245","article-title":"First European haplotype of Echinococcus multilocularis identified in the United States: an emerging disease?","volume":"72","author":"Polish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2210000","article-title":"European haplotype of Echinococcus multilocularis in the United States","volume":"387","author":"Polish","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561626000641?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195561626000641?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:06:06Z","timestamp":1790715966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195561626000641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195561626000641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-5616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-5616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"What\u2019s Old Is New","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2026.04.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}