{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:24:46Z","timestamp":1771007086886,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cytokine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,5]],"date-time":"2008-11-05T11:55:47Z","timestamp":1225886147000},"page":"207-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and implications for treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Victor Manuel","family":"Martinez-Taboada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"RuizSoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Jose","family":"Marin-Vidalled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Lopez-Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Conceptos actuales sobre la patogenia de la arteritis de c\u00e9lulas gigantes","volume":"2","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Taboada","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev Esp Reumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib2","first-page":"734","article-title":"Arteritis de c\u00e9lulas gigantes. Estudio de 191 pacientes","volume":"105","author":"Armona","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib3","first-page":"141","article-title":"Arteritis de c\u00e9lulas gigantes","volume":"1","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Taboada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Seminarios de Reumatolog\u00eda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-88-2-162","article-title":"Temporal arteritis. A 25-year epidemiological, clinical and pathologic study","volume":"88","author":"Huston","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1497::AID-ART22>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis. Predictors and response to treatment","volume":"41","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<311::AID-ANR14>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant cell arteritis","volume":"42","author":"Brack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-5-672","article-title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica: a 10-year epidemiologic and clinical study","volume":"97","author":"Chuang","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.157.3.317","article-title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica without significantly increased ESR: a more benign syndrome","volume":"157","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00117-4","article-title":"Risk factors and predictive models of giant cell arteritis in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"102","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Valverde","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-5-613","article-title":"Daily and alternate-day corticosteroid regimens in treatment of giant cell arteritis: comparison in a prospective study","volume":"82","author":"Hunder","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.50014","article-title":"Are cytokine polymorphisms related to in vitro cytokine production profiles?","volume":"9","author":"Warl\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(94)90096-5","article-title":"Production of interleukin 6 by granulomas of giant cell arteritis","volume":"39","author":"Emilie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05942.x","article-title":"High circulating leukaemia inhibitory factor in patients with giant cell arteritis: independent regulation of LIF and IL-6 under corticosteroid therapy","volume":"92","author":"Lecron","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360913","article-title":"Correlation of interleukin-6 production and disease activity in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis","volume":"36","author":"Roche","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.9.976","article-title":"The sequential analysis of T lymphocyte subsets and interleukin-6 in polymyalgia rheumatica patients as predictors of disease remission and steroid withdrawal","volume":"36","author":"Corrigall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.7.766","article-title":"Cytokines and adhesion molecules in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"37","author":"Uddhammar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.6.624","article-title":"The adrenal steroid status in relation to inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor) in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"39","author":"Straub","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib18","first-page":"748","article-title":"Adrenal gland hypofunction in active polymyalgia rheumatica Effect of glucocorticoid treatment on adrenal hormones and interleukin 6","volume":"29","author":"Cutolo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.051979","article-title":"Serum cytokines and steroidal hormones in polymyalgia rheumatica and elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Cutolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/art1.10161","article-title":"A strong initial systemic inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of therapy in patients with giant-cell arteritis","volume":"47","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib21","first-page":"408","article-title":"Serum cytokine and cytokine receptor levels in patients with giant cell arteritis during corticosteroid therapy","volume":"23","author":"Roblot","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M241","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.4.M241","article-title":"Arterial wall production of cytokines in giant cell arteritis: results of a pilot study using human temporal artery cultures","volume":"57","author":"Blain","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/29.6.456","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in serum of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis","volume":"29","author":"Dasgupta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200005)43:5<1041::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Treatment of giant cell arteritis: interleukin-6 as a biologic marker of disease activity","volume":"43","author":"Weyand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117428","article-title":"Functional profile of tissue infiltrating and ciculating CD68+ cells in giant cell arteritis. Evidence for two components of the disease","volume":"94","author":"Wagner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000066907.83923.32","article-title":"Elevated production of interleukin 6 is associated with a lower incidence of disease-related ischemic events in patients with giant-cell arteritis. Activity of interleukin 6 as a potential protective mechanism","volume":"107","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Suppl. 32","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib27","first-page":"S23","article-title":"Laboratory investigations useful in giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis","volume":"21","author":"Salvarani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.55.6.403-b","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in clinical relapses of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis","volume":"55","author":"Caplanne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.6.577","article-title":"Corticosteroid requirements in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"159","author":"Weyand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390734","article-title":"Cytokines in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"39","author":"Tellus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib31","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Favorable role of interleukin 10 in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"26","author":"Straub","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.7.797","article-title":"Circulating levels of IL-1beta, IL-6 and soluble IL-2 receptor in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Pountain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050640","article-title":"Blocking IL-1 in systemic inflammation","volume":"201","author":"Dinarello","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/336690a0","article-title":"Leukaemia inhibitory factor is identical to the myeloid growth factor human interleukin for DA cells","volume":"336","author":"Moreau","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1542794","article-title":"The IL-6 signal transducer, gp130: an oncostatin M receptor and affinity converter for the LIF receptor","volume":"255","author":"Gearing","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90634-O","article-title":"CNTF and LIF act on neuronal cells via shared signaling pathways that involve the IL-6 signal transducing gp130","volume":"69","author":"Ip","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07833.x","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor is structurally related to the IL-6 signal transducer, gp130","volume":"10","author":"Gearing","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.4.423","article-title":"In polymyalgia rheumatica serum prolactin is positively correlated with the number of typical symptoms but not with typical inflammatory markers","volume":"41","author":"Straub","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-7-199410010-00003","article-title":"Tissue cytokine patterns distinguish polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis","volume":"121","author":"Weyand","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118959","article-title":"Correlation of the topographical arrangement and the functional pattern of tissue-infiltrating macrophages in giant cell arteritis. Evidence for two components of the disease","volume":"98","author":"Weyand","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh058","article-title":"Tissue production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, TNFa and IL-6) correlates with the intensity of the systemic inflammatory response and with corticosteroid requirements in giant-cell arteritis","volume":"43","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400105","article-title":"Disease patterns and tissue cytokine profiles in giant cell arteritis","volume":"40","author":"Weyand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000030185.67510.C0","article-title":"Tissue and serum angiogenic activity is associated with low prevalence of ischemic complications in patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"106","author":"Cid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SII-91","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.69.Suppl_2.SII91","article-title":"Cytokines in giant cell arteritis","volume":"69","author":"Goronzy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clev Clin J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib45","first-page":"1925","article-title":"Interferon-gamma-producing T cells in giant cell vasculitis represent a minority of tissue-infiltrating cells and are located distant from the site of pathology","volume":"148","author":"Wagner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib46","first-page":"185","article-title":"Dendritic cells co-localize with activated CD4+ T cells in giant cell arteritis","volume":"21","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s002960050019","article-title":"Immuno-localisation of tumour necrosis factor and its receptors in temporal arteritis","volume":"17","author":"Field","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib48","first-page":"179","article-title":"IL-6 promoter polymorphism at position -174 modulates the phenotypic expression of polymyalgia rheumatica in biopsy-proven giant-cell arteritis","volume":"20","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib49","first-page":"2173","article-title":"Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphisms at position -174 in giant-cell arteritis","volume":"32","author":"Salvarani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib50","first-page":"703","article-title":"Relationship between interleukin-6 promoter polymorphisms at position -174, IL-6 serum levels, and risk of relapse\/recurrence in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"33","author":"Boiardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib51","first-page":"675","article-title":"Interleukin-1 cluster and tumor necrosis factor-a gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"18","author":"Boiardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib52","first-page":"431","article-title":"Lack of association between IL-1 cluster and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis","volume":"20","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200008)43:8<1749::AID-ANR11>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Association of giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica with different tumor necrosis factor microsatellite polymorphisms","volume":"43","author":"Mattey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib54","first-page":"2413","article-title":"Epistatic interactions between HLA-DRB1 and interleukin 4, but not interferon-gamma, increase susceptibility to giant cell arteritis","volume":"31","author":"Amoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 36","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib55","first-page":"S18","article-title":"Interferon-gamma gene microsatellite polymorphisms in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis and isolated polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"22","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22218","article-title":"Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in giant-cell arteritis","volume":"54","author":"Boiardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib57","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Influence of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in susceptibility to giant-cell arteritis in Northwestern Spain","volume":"34","author":"Rueda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2629","article-title":"The effect of a novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis","volume":"102","author":"Fishman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1994.1076","article-title":"A physical map of the region encompassing the human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta and the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes","volume":"19","author":"Nicklin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00217368","article-title":"Polymorphism in human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene intron 2 is caused by variable numbers of an 86-bp tandem repeat","volume":"91","author":"Tarlow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/ar293","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"3","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb05549.x","article-title":"Cytokine production by normal human monocytes: inter-subject variation and relationship to an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism","volume":"99","author":"Danis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00662.x","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphism influences TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy humans","volume":"113","author":"Louis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230135","article-title":"Association of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and class II major histocompatibility complex alleles with the secretion of TNF alpha and TNF beta by human mononuclear cells: a possible link to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Pociot","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32805e87e0","article-title":"The role of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: new subsets and new targets","volume":"19","author":"Toh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 12","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S468","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000186268.53799.67","article-title":"Biology of interleukin-10 and its regulatory roles in sepsis syndromes","volume":"33","author":"Scumpia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363920","article-title":"Differential regulation of interleukin-10 production by genetic and enviromental factors \u2013 a twin study","volume":"3","author":"Reuss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780401115","article-title":"Effects of inflammation and treatment on bone turnover and bone mass in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"40","author":"Dolan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780401022","article-title":"Adverse outcomes of antiinflammatory therapy among patients with polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"40","author":"Gabriel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11388","article-title":"Glucocorticoid therapy in giant cell arteritis: duration and adverse outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Proven","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011913","article-title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis","volume":"347","author":"Salvarani","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749409099276","article-title":"Methotrexate treatment in the management of giant cell arteritis","volume":"23","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00370-7","article-title":"Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant giant cell arteritis","volume":"21","author":"Wilke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00010","article-title":"Combined treatment of giant cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"134","author":"Jover","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10262","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis","volume":"46","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.55.4.218","article-title":"Can methotrexate be used as a steroid sparing agent in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis?","volume":"55","author":"Van der Veen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-7-200410050-00005","article-title":"Prednisone plus methotrexate for polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"141","author":"Caporali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib78","first-page":"760","article-title":"Treatment of refractory polymyalgia rheumatica with infliximab: a pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Salvarani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib79","first-page":"373","article-title":"TNF-alpha blockade induce clinical remission in patients affected by polymyalgia rheumatica associated to diabetes mellitus and\/or osteoporosis: a seven cases report","volume":"9","author":"Migliore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl. 9","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib80","first-page":"S146","article-title":"Significant corticosteroid sparing and fast recovery by etanercept therapy in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and decompensated diabetes: a pilot study","volume":"54","author":"Corrao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23095","article-title":"Treatment of refractory polymyalgia rheumatica with etanercept: an open pilot study","volume":"57","author":"Catanoso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2933::AID-ART482>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Treatment of longstanding active giant cell arteritis with infliximab: report of four cases","volume":"44","author":"Cantini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.3.347","article-title":"Anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment with infliximab in a case of giant cell arteritis resistant to steroid and immunosuppressive drugs","volume":"41","author":"Air\u00f2","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.4.373","article-title":"Successful treatment of resistant giant cell arteritis with etanercept","volume":"62","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0375-2","article-title":"Treatment of refractory temporal arteritis with adalimumab","volume":"26","author":"Ahmed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.082115","article-title":"A double-blind placebo controlled trial of etanercept in patients with giant cell arteritis and corticosteroid side effects","volume":"67","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Taboada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00004","article-title":"Infliximab for maintenance of glucocorticosteroid-induced remission of giant cell arteritis. A randomized trial","volume":"146","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00005","article-title":"Infliximab plus prednisone or placebo plus prednisone for the initial treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica. A randomized trial","volume":"146","author":"Salvarani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.11.1116","article-title":"Experience with infliximab (anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody) as monotherapy for giant cell arteritis","volume":"62","author":"Andonopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119477","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-mediated repression of cytokine gene transcription in human arteritis-SCID chimeras","volume":"99","author":"Brack","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-7-199504010-00004","article-title":"Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study","volume":"122","author":"Evans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780371020","article-title":"Thoracic aortic aneurysm and rupture in giant cell arteritis. A descriptive study of 41 cases","volume":"37","author":"Evans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22630","article-title":"Inflammatory joint disease working group CRI of the French Society for Rheumatology. Usefulness of the disease activity scores for polymyalgia rheumatica for predicting glucocorticoid dose changes: a study of 243 scenarios","volume":"57","author":"Binard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22771","article-title":"The polymyalgia rheumatica activity score in daily use: proposal for a definition of remission","volume":"57","author":"Leeb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23338","article-title":"Inflammatory joint disease working group of the French Society for Rheumatology. Performance of the polymyalgia rheumatica activity score for diagnosing disease flares","volume":"59","author":"Binard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141557","article-title":"IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages","volume":"25","author":"Weaver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.683","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor","volume":"19","author":"Moore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib98","first-page":"1011","article-title":"The inflammatory infiltrate in giant cell arteritis selects against B lymphocytes","volume":"23","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Taboada","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00483-X","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis as an antigen driven disease","volume":"21","author":"Weyand","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090050074","article-title":"Recognition of tissue residing antigen by T cells in vasculitic lesions in giant cell arteritis","volume":"74","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Taboada","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2003.12.001","article-title":"HLA-DRB1 allele distribution in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: influence on clinical subgroups and prognosis","volume":"34","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Taboda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340313","article-title":"Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in Northern Italy","volume":"34","author":"Salvarani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116125","article-title":"The HLA-DRB1 locus as a genetic component in giant cell arteritis. Mapping of a disease-linked sequence motif to the antigen binding site of the HLA-DR molecule","volume":"90","author":"Weyand","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310515","article-title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica: a syndrome associated with HLA-DR4 antigen","volume":"31","author":"Cid","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370411","article-title":"HLA-DRB1 alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Weyand","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib106","first-page":"671","article-title":"Molecular analysis of HLA-DR polymorphism in polymyalgia rheumatica. Swiss Group for research on HLA in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"24","author":"Guerne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib107","first-page":"520","article-title":"Geographical and genetic factors do not account for significant differences in the clinical spectrum of giant cell arteritis in southern Europe","volume":"31","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib108","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica\/giant cell arteritis: association with disease risk and severity","volume":"27","author":"Salvarani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib109","first-page":"1600","article-title":"Lack of association between ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms and giant cell arteritis","volume":"28","author":"Amoli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib110","first-page":"2140","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica can be differentiated by distinct patterns of HLA class II association","volume":"25","author":"Dababneh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-1115-8","article-title":"Infliximab as monotherapy in giant cell arteritis","volume":"25","author":"Uthman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2006.01299.x","article-title":"Amaurosis in patients with giant cell arteritis: treatment with anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"37","author":"Torrente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.036533","article-title":"Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) as an adjunct in the treatment of giant cell arteritis","volume":"64","author":"Bhatia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.005900","article-title":"Selective T cell receptor decrease in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis","volume":"63","author":"Lopez-Hoyos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib115","first-page":"745","article-title":"A genetic approach to the aetiology of giant cell arteritis: depletion of the CD8+ T-lymphocyte subset in relatives of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and arteritis temporalis","volume":"13","author":"Johansen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2001.9734","article-title":"Circulating CD8+ T cells in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a review","volume":"30","author":"Martinez-Taboada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["Cytokine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043466608007552?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043466608007552?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T23:37:23Z","timestamp":1632094643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043466608007552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1043466608007552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.09.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-4666"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-4666","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}}}