{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:47:38Z","timestamp":1772272058017,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cytokine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,13]],"date-time":"2014-12-13T11:45:33Z","timestamp":1418471133000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Svetlana F.","family":"Khaiboullina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenny L.","family":"DeMeirleir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanti","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grady S.","family":"Berk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rory S.","family":"Gaynor-Berk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Mijatovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Blatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert A.","family":"Rizvanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila G.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent C.","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x","article-title":"Myalgic encephalomyelitis: international consensus criteria","volume":"270","author":"Carruthers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/13623699808409384","article-title":"Gulf War illnesses: complex medical, scientific and political paradox","volume":"14","author":"Nicolson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med, Conflict, Survival"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0015","unstructured":"De Meirleir K, Khaiboullina S, Fremont M, Hulstaert J, Rizvanov A, Palotas A, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the duodenum of individuals diagnosed with myalgic encephalomyelitis are uniquely immunoreactive to antibodies to human endogenous retroviral proteins in vivo; 2013. p. 27."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.2.385","article-title":"Postinfectious chronic fatigue: a distinct syndrome?","volume":"23","author":"Buchwald","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.07.006","article-title":"Gulf War illness: lessons from medically unexplained symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Iversen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Psy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.11.981","article-title":"Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War","volume":"280","author":"Fukuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA, J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01777.x","article-title":"A comprehensive immunological analysis in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00155-7","article-title":"Natural killer cells and natural killer cell activity in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Whiteside","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.04.012","article-title":"A formal analysis of cytokine networks in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Broderick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.01.002","article-title":"Cytokine production and modulation: comparison of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and normal controls","volume":"134","author":"Tomoda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324826AN0801_7","article-title":"Cytokine and other immunologic markers in chronic fatigue syndrome and their relation to neuropsychological factors","volume":"8","author":"Patarca-Montero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(91)90497-2","article-title":"Altered cytokine release in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Chao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.1.52-55.2005","article-title":"Spinal fluid abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Natelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.1.6-13.1999","article-title":"Changes in immune parameters seen in Gulf War veterans but not in civilians with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.03.031","article-title":"Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and Chronic Fatigue (CF) are distinguished accurately: results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data","volume":"200","author":"Maes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.09.004","article-title":"Evidence for inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME\/CFS): increased interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, PMN-elastase, lysozyme and neopterin","volume":"136","author":"Maes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-96","article-title":"Plasma cytokines in women with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Fletcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trans Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-14-29","article-title":"A comparison of sex-specific immune signatures in Gulf War illness and chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Smylie","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02354.x","article-title":"High levels of type 2 cytokine-producing cells in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"135","author":"Skowera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOCI.0000018065.64685.82","article-title":"Cellular immune activation in Gulf War veterans","volume":"24","author":"Skowera","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0105","first-page":"1","article-title":"Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: clinical working case definition, diagnostic and treatment protocols","volume":"11","author":"Carruthers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Chron Fatigue Synd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009","article-title":"The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International chronic fatigue syndrome study group","volume":"121","author":"Fukuda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0115","unstructured":"Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Unexplained illness among Persian Gulf War veterans in an Air National Guard Unit: preliminary report \u2013 August 1990-March 1995. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 1995; 44: 443\u20137."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.10.992","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas veterans: association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service","volume":"152","author":"Steele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.12.3881","article-title":"Expression of surface lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor on activated T, B, and natural killer cells","volume":"149","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0135","first-page":"93","article-title":"Distinct and nonredundant in vivo functions of TNF produced by t cells and macrophages\/neutrophils: protective and deleterious effects","volume":"22","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034","article-title":"The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6","volume":"1813","author":"Scheller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-2-12","article-title":"Impaired immune function in Gulf War illness","volume":"2","author":"Whistler","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020595709352","article-title":"TNF-alpha and chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Moss","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)01164-1","article-title":"Gulf War syndrome: is it due to a systemic shift in cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile?","volume":"349","author":"Rook","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2002.01101.x","article-title":"IL-12: the role of p40 versus p75","volume":"56","author":"Abdi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204295","article-title":"Shifted T-cell polarisation after agricultural dust exposure in mice and men","volume":"69","author":"Robbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343784","article-title":"The IL-23\/Th17 axis is involved in the adaptive immune response to Bacillus anthracis in humans","volume":"44","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.040","article-title":"Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after immunization with trivalent influenza vaccine adjuvanted with cationic liposomes","volume":"29","author":"Rosenkrands","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215840110","article-title":"B cells promote inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes through regulation of T-cell function and an inflammatory cytokine profile","volume":"110","author":"DeFuria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-527","article-title":"Dissecting the psoriasis transcriptome: inflammatory- and cytokine-driven gene expression in lesions from 163 patients","volume":"14","author":"Swindell","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001024","article-title":"A systems model for immune cell interactions unravels the mechanism of inflammation in human skin","volume":"6","author":"Valeyev","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.11.3892","article-title":"Interleukin-7: from bench to clinic","volume":"99","author":"Fry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cji.0000210386.55951.c2","article-title":"IL-7 administration to humans leads to expansion of CD8+ and CD4+ cells but a relative decrease of CD4+ T-regulatory cells","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.01.011","article-title":"IL-7 engages multiple mechanisms to overcome chronic viral infection and limit organ pathology","volume":"144","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118990","article-title":"Autoantibodies to nuclear envelope antigens in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Konstantinov","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400215","article-title":"High frequency of autoantibodies to insoluble cellular antigens in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"40","author":"von Mikecz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026358","article-title":"Benefit from B-lymphocyte depletion using the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome. A double-blind and placebo-controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Fluge","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-9-28","article-title":"Clinical impact of B-cell depletion with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome: a preliminary case series","volume":"9","author":"Fluge","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.007","article-title":"Interleukin-7: fuel for the autoimmune attack","volume":"45","author":"Dooms","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03499.x","article-title":"Insights into the initiation of type 2 immune responses","volume":"134","author":"Oliphant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00699.x","article-title":"The roles of IL-17A in inflammatory immune responses and host defense against pathogens","volume":"226","author":"Iwakura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"}],"container-title":["Cytokine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043466614006024?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043466614006024?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T17:28:31Z","timestamp":1690738111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043466614006024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1043466614006024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-4666"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-4666","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cytokine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}