{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T13:25:00Z","timestamp":1786886700433,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020362","name":"INTERREG IVB NWE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cytokine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T13:44:21Z","timestamp":1775310261000},"page":"157145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Synbiotic Bactecal\u00ae reduces airway obstruction, sputum eosinophils and IL-4 but increases sputum IL-8 in patients with uncontrolled asthma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Moermans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Graff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Medard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Nekoee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.-F.","family":"Donneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.S.","family":"Njock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Kempeneers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Bricmont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bonhiver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Gerday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Poulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Guissard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Schleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many. Nat. Rev. Immunol. janv 2015;15(1):57\u201365.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3786"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat. Immunol. 19 sept 2017;18(10):1076\u201383.","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3829"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Li F, Liang B, Liang Y, Chen S, Mo X, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in asthma in UK adults. BMC Microbiol. 12 sept 2018;18(1):114.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1257-x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frati F, Salvatori C, Incorvaia C, Bellucci A, Di Cara G, Marcucci F, et al. The role of the microbiome in asthma: the gut\u2212lung axis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 30 d\u00e9c 2018;20(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010123"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340670","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2340670","article-title":"The gut microbiota and respiratory diseases: new evidence","volume":"2020","author":"Chunxi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0096","article-title":"Absence of adverse events in healthy individuals using probiotics--analysis of six randomised studies by one study group","volume":"7","author":"Tapiovaara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frei R, Akdis M, O'Mahony L. Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and the immune system: experimental data and clinical evidence. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. mars 2015;31(2):153\u20138.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000151"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2015.7.4.409","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of lactobacillus salivarius LS01 and bifidobacterium breve BR03, alone and in combination, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic asthmatics","volume":"7","author":"Drago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anatriello E, Cunha M, Nogueira J, Carvalho JL, S\u00e1 AK, Miranda M, et al. Oral feeding of lactobacillus bulgaricus N45.10 inhibits the lung inflammation and airway remodeling in murine allergic asthma: relevance to the Th1\/Th2 cytokines and STAT6\/T-bet. Cell Immunol. juill 2019;341:103928.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2019.103928"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuzaki T, Yamazaki R, Hashimoto S, Yokokura T. The effect of oral feeding of lactobacillus casei strain shirota on immunoglobulin e production in mice. J. Dairy Sci. janv 1998;81(1):48\u201353.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75549-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang W, Luo X, Zhang Q, He X, Zhang Z, Wang X. Bifidobacterium infantis relieves allergic asthma in mice by regulating Th1\/Th2. Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res. 6 avr 2020;26:e920583.","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.920583"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan Z, Zhao-Ling S, Ming-Hua Z, Chun W, Hai-Xia W, Meng-Yun L, et al. Oral administration of clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313-1 reduces ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Respirol Carlton Vic. juill 2017;22(5):898\u2013904.","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li CY, Lin HC, Hsueh KC, Wu SF, Fang SH. Oral administration of lactobacillus salivarius inhibits the allergic airway response in mice. Can J Microbiol. mai 2010;56(5):373\u20139.","DOI":"10.1139\/W10-024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000236000","article-title":"Oral treatment with probiotics reduces allergic symptoms in ovalbumin-sensitized mice: a bacterial strain comparative study","volume":"151","author":"Hougee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van De Pol MA, Lutter R, Smids BS, Weersink EJM, Van Der Zee JS. Synbiotics reduce allergen-induced t-helper 2 response and improve peak expiratory flow in allergic asthmatics. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;66(1):39\u201347.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02454.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21296","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial of lactobacillus on asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3837418","article-title":"The probiotics in pediatric asthma management (PROPAM) study in the primary care setting: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial with ligilactobacillus salivarius LS01 (DSM 22775) and bifidobacterium breve b632 (DSM 24706)","volume":"2022","author":"Drago","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0090","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma website, http:\/\/ginasthma.org\/, accessed 22 January 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. ao\u00fbt 2005;26(2):319\u201338.","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louis R, Bougard N, Guissard F, Paulus V, Henket M, Schleich F. Bronchodilation test with inhaled salbutamol versus bronchial methacholine challenge to make an asthma diagnosis: do they provide the same information? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2020 Feb;8(2):618\u2013625.e8. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.09.007. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31541767.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.09.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.011130","article-title":"Nebulised salbutamol administered during sputum induction improves bronchoprotection in patients with asthma","volume":"59","author":"Delvaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"(130):","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0110","first-page":"56612","article-title":"Methodology for sputum induction and laboratory processing","author":"Guiot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0115","unstructured":"Sealed envelope website, https:\/\/www.sealedenvelope.com\/, accessed 22 January 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Z, Mehrabi Nasab E, Arora P, Athari SS. Study effect of probiotics and prebiotics on treatment of OVA-LPS-induced of allergic asthma inflammation and pneumonia by regulating the TLR4\/NF-kB signaling pathway. J. Transl. Med. 16 mars 2022;20(1):130.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03337-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schleich FN, Chevremont A, Paulus V, Henket M, Manise M, Seidel L, et al. Importance of concomitant local and systemic eosinophilia in uncontrolled asthma. Eur. Respir. J. juill 2014;44(1):97\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00201813"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Parker D, Bradding P, et al. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (Lond., Engl.) 30 nov 2002;360(9347):1715\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11679-5"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13976","article-title":"Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM-17938 for preventing cough in adults with mild allergic asthma: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study","volume":"51","author":"Satia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang CF, Chie WC, Wang IJ. Efficacy of lactobacillus administration in school-age children with asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients 5 nov 2018;10(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111678"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon SA, Lim Y, Byeon HR, et al. Heat-killed akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates allergic airway inflammation in mice. Front. Microbiol. 2024;15:1386428. Published 2024 May 9. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1386428.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1386428"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang CY, Zhang FY, Wang IJ. Probiotics' efficacy in preventing asthmatic allergic reaction induced by air particles: an animal study. Nutrients 2022;14(24):5219. Published 2022 Dec 7. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14245219.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245219"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1292266","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillusplantarum APsulloc331261 (GTB1\u2122) promotes butyrate production to suppress mucin hypersecretion in a murine allergic airway inflammation model","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu A, Ma T, Xu N, Jin H, Zhao F, Kwok LY, et al. Adjunctive probiotics alleviates asthmatic symptoms via modulating the gut microbiome and serum metabolome. Microbiol. Spectr. 31 oct 2021;9(2):e0085921.","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00859-21"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14126","article-title":"Probiotics supplementation in children with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-022-00753-4","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic supplementation in patients with asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Sadrifar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheith I, Ozbak H, Hemeg H, El-Mahmoudy A. Modulation of acute phase parameters of inflammation by probiotics in albino rats. Eur. J. Inflamm. juill 2015;13.","DOI":"10.1177\/1721727X15590937"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.06.019","article-title":"Interleukin-4 downregulates TNFalpha-induced IL-8 production in keratinocytes","volume":"579","author":"Raingeaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marie C, Pitton C, Fitting C, Cavaillon JM. Regulation by anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGFbeta) of interleukin-8 production by LPS- and\/or TNFalpha-activated human polymorphonuclear cells. Mediators Inflamm. 1996;5(5):334\u201340. doi:10.1155\/S0962935196000488. PMID: 18475727; PMCID: PMC2365804.","DOI":"10.1155\/S0962935196000488"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.5.1435","article-title":"IL-4 inhibits the expression of IL-8 from stimulated human monocytes","volume":"145","author":"Standiford","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.8.2107158","article-title":"Selective induction of eotaxin release by interleukin-13 or interleukin-4 in human airway smooth muscle cells is synergistic with interleukin-1beta and is mediated by the interleukin-4 receptor alpha-chain","volume":"165","author":"Hirst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demarche SF, Schleich FN, Henket MA, Paulus VA, Van Hees TJ, Louis RE. Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in real life on clinical outcomes, sputum cells and systemic inflammation in asthmatics: a retrospective cohort study in a secondary care centre. BMJ Open 2017 7(11):e018186. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018186. PMID: 29183929; PMCID: PMC5719334.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018186"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157162","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000}},{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157162","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000}}],"container-title":["Cytokine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043466626000402?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043466626000402?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T12:38:54Z","timestamp":1786883934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043466626000402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S1043466626000402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-4666"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-4666","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Synbiotic Bactecal\u00ae reduces airway obstruction, sputum eosinophils and IL-4 but increases sputum IL-8 in patients with uncontrolled asthma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cytokine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157145","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"157145"}}