{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T23:24:43Z","timestamp":1787095483648,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021281","name":"Gates Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cytokine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T19:52:42Z","timestamp":1784749962000},"page":"157182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Maternal and early-life longitudinal cytokine profiles in a South African birth cohort: the impact of HIV"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Tusekile S.","family":"Kangwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Wedderburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna F.","family":"Annandale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten A.","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petrus J.W.","family":"Naud\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02220.x","article-title":"The HIV-exposed, uninfected African child","volume":"14","author":"Filteau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034","article-title":"HIV infection and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: current status, challenges and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Kharsany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open AIDS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30448-6","article-title":"Estimates of the global population of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected, 2000-18: a modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Slogrove","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0020","unstructured":"AIDSinfo U. Global data on HIV epidemiology and response, AIDSinfo, Available at: https:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/, Accessed 10 January 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070465","article-title":"Survival and health of children who are HIV-exposed uninfected: study protocol for the CHERISH (children HIV-exposed uninfected-research to inform survival and health) dynamic, prospective, maternal-child cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Slogrove","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03790-5","article-title":"Impact of HIV exposure without infection on hospital course and mortality among young children in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-site cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Lwanga","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0386-8","article-title":"Growth and health outcomes at school age in HIV-exposed, uninfected Zambian children: follow-up of two cohorts studied in infancy","volume":"15","author":"Nicholson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2022.885246","article-title":"Effect of maternal HIV infection on infant development and outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Ruck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12251","article-title":"HIV-exposed uninfected children: a growing population with a vulnerable immune system?","volume":"176","author":"Afran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac133","article-title":"Defective monocyte enzymatic function and an inhibitory immune phenotype in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected African infants in the era of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"226","author":"Afran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201759030","article-title":"Immune development in HIV-exposed uninfected children born to HIV-infected women","volume":"59","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix367","article-title":"Intestinal damage and inflammatory biomarkers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed and HIV-infected Zimbabwean infants","volume":"216","author":"Prendergast","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.021","article-title":"Association of maternal and infant inflammation with neurodevelopment in HIV-exposed uninfected children in a South African birth cohort","volume":"91","author":"Sevenoaks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002754","article-title":"Risk and rates of hospitalisation in young children: a prospective study of a South African birth cohort","volume":"4","author":"Wedderburn","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001211","article-title":"A meta-analysis assessing all-cause mortality in HIV-exposed uninfected compared with HIV-unexposed uninfected infants and children","volume":"30","author":"Brennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000127","article-title":"Effect of HIV-1 exposure and antiretroviral treatment strategies in HIV-infected children on immunogenicity of vaccines during infancy","volume":"28","author":"Simani","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.07.017","article-title":"Interferons and Proinflammatory cytokines in pregnancy and fetal development","volume":"49","author":"Yockey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0090","unstructured":"S. Thapa, U. Shrestha, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome, StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies, Disclosure: Utsav Shrestha declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.: StatPearls Publishing Copyright, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89551-3","article-title":"Maternal HIV infection is associated with distinct systemic cytokine profiles throughout pregnancy in South African women","volume":"11","author":"Akoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1721727X221139261","article-title":"Antenatal and postpartum immunological markers levels in women with HIV infection and malnutrition in a low resource setting: a pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Chandiwana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170063","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in HIV infected and uninfected pregnant women with and without preeclampsia","volume":"12","author":"Maharaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103168","article-title":"Perinatal HIV exposure is associated with long-term alterations in immune marker levels in children","volume":"19","author":"Avenda\u00f1o-Ortiz","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09051-3","article-title":"Clinical and immunological outcomes of HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected children in the first 24 months of life in Western Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Ray","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.03.016","article-title":"Investigating the psychosocial determinants of child health in Africa: the Drakenstein child health study","volume":"252","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206242","article-title":"Investigating the early-life determinants of illness in Africa: the Drakenstein child health study","volume":"70","author":"Zar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033259","article-title":"Implementation of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in South Africa: outcomes from a population-based birth cohort study in Paarl, Western Cape","volume":"9","author":"Pellowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0697","article-title":"Antenatal and early life tobacco smoke exposure in an African birth cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Vanker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222399","article-title":"Maternal health and birth outcomes in a South African birth cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Zar","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants","volume":"13","author":"Fenton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13566","article-title":"Effect of hazardous alcohol use during pregnancy on growth outcomes at birth: findings from a South African cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Myers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0155","unstructured":"WHO, WHO child growth standards: head circumference-for-age, arm circumference-for-age, triceps skinfold-for-age and subscapular skinfold-for-age: methods and development, Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/childgrowth\/standards\/en\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00459-0","article-title":"Growth and neurodevelopment of HIV-exposed uninfected children: a conceptual framework","volume":"16","author":"Wedderburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61764-2","article-title":"Distinct cytokine profiles in late pregnancy in Ugandan people with HIV","volume":"14","author":"Bebell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-38","article-title":"The impact of maternal HIV infection on cord blood lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profile in exposed non-infected newborns","volume":"11","author":"Borges-Almeida","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0175","article-title":"Circulating levels of inflammatory mediators in pregnant people living with HIV according to antiretroviral therapy regimen","volume":"14","author":"Hindle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/416739","article-title":"Changes in the Th1:Th2 cytokine bias in pregnancy and the effects of the anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-\u0394(12,14)-prostaglandin J2","volume":"2012","author":"Sykes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0107-2017","article-title":"Social conditions and immune response in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive pregnant women: a cross-sectional study in Brazil","volume":"51","author":"Sampaio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003016","article-title":"Impact of HIV status on systemic inflammation during pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Vyas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1443886","article-title":"Maternal immunity shapes biomarkers of germinal center development in HIV-exposed uninfected infants","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/zjrms-106128","article-title":"Evaluation of interleukin 2, interleukin 10, and interferon gamma among pregnant women co-infected with HIV and plasmodium falciparum","volume":"24","author":"Akinbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zahedan J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab245","article-title":"Changes in immune activation during pregnancy and the postpartum period in treated HIV infection","volume":"8","author":"Schnittman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1649731","article-title":"Comparison of viral phenotype and inflammatory biomarker responses in acute HIV-1 subtype a and C infections","volume":"16","author":"McInally","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad327","article-title":"Geographic and population distributions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u20131 and HIV-2 circulating subtypes: a systematic literature review and Meta-analysis (2010\u22122021)","volume":"228","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000004162","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory immune biomarkers as predictors of neurodevelopment in young children exposed to HIV","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000040","article-title":"Innate immune responses and gut microbiomes distinguish HIV-exposed from HIV-unexposed children in a population-specific manner","volume":"205","author":"Amenyogbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00406","article-title":"Comparison of lymphocyte subset populations in children from South Africa, US and Europe","volume":"8","author":"Payne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002128","article-title":"HIV-exposed-uninfected infants have increased inflammation and monocyte activation","volume":"33","author":"Dirajlal-Fargo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmz022","article-title":"Immune activation and microbial translocation markers in HIV-exposed uninfected Malawian infants in the first year of life","volume":"65","author":"Baroncelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000282","article-title":"Drakenstein child health study (DCHS): investigating determinants of early child development and cognition","volume":"2","author":"Donald","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01452","article-title":"Association of Maternal Factors and HIV infection with innate cytokine responses of delivering mothers and newborns in Mozambique","volume":"11","author":"Moncunill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00202-9","article-title":"A mother-to-child transmission study in Nigeria: the impact of maternal HIV infection and HAART on plasma immunoglobulins, cytokine profiles and infant outcome","volume":"35","author":"Ewenighi-Amankwah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003877","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in pregnant women with HIV: relationship with HIV treatment regimen and preterm delivery","volume":"38","author":"Shivakoti","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2600-4","article-title":"No association between early antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and plasma levels of angiogenic factors: a cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Djeha","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2730370","article-title":"ART regimen and other Sociodemographics do not affect cytokine expression in HIV patients in Ghana","volume":"2019","author":"Essien-Baidoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.06.010","article-title":"The impact of maternal anti-retroviral therapy on cytokine profile in the uninfected neonates","volume":"74","author":"Kasahara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac501","article-title":"Unique profile of inflammation and immune activation in pregnant people with HIV in the United States","volume":"227","author":"Shiau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00190","article-title":"HIV-exposed uninfected infants in Zimbabwe: insights into health outcomes in the pre-antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"7","author":"Evans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181ecbf7e","article-title":"Morbidity among human immunodeficiency virus-exposed but uninfected, human immunodeficiency virus-infected, and human immunodeficiency virus-unexposed infants in Zimbabwe before availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"30","author":"Koyanagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086928","article-title":"Stunting is characterized by chronic inflammation in Zimbabwean infants","volume":"9","author":"Prendergast","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-193","article-title":"High rates of all-cause and gastroenteritis-related hospitalization morbidity and mortality among HIV-exposed Indian infants","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fms019","article-title":"HIV-exposed uninfected infants are at increased risk for severe infections in the first year of life","volume":"58","author":"Slogrove","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002238","article-title":"Compromised growth among HIV-exposed uninfected compared with unexposed children in Nigeria","volume":"38","author":"Jumare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002428","article-title":"HIV-exposed, uninfected infants in Uganda experience poorer growth and body composition trajectories than HIV-unexposed infants","volume":"85","author":"Lane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001574","article-title":"Child growth according to maternal and child HIV status in Zimbabwe","volume":"36","author":"Omoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061500","article-title":"Comparison of feeding practices and growth of urbanized African infants aged 6-12 months old by maternal HIV status in Gauteng Province, South Africa","volume":"15","author":"Tshiambara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy673","article-title":"Initiation of antiretroviral therapy before pregnancy reduces the risk of infection-related hospitalization in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants born in a high-income country","volume":"68","author":"Goetghebuer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002231","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers in HIV-infected children hospitalized for severe malnutrition in Uganda and Zimbabwe","volume":"33","author":"Prendergast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz017","article-title":"Lower respiratory tract infections in children in a well-vaccinated South African birth cohort: Spectrum of disease and risk factors","volume":"69","author":"le Roux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-015-0394-1","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and innate immune responses to bacterial infections","volume":"204","author":"Nasioudis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.016","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 mediates HIV-1 induced neuronal injury and behavioral deficits by overriding CCR5-dependent protection","volume":"89","author":"Ojeda-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310470","article-title":"The review of current knowledge on neutrophil gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL)","volume":"24","author":"Romejko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00280","article-title":"A delicate balance: role of MMP-9 in brain development and pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"9","author":"Reinhard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.750103","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota, genital inflammation and extracellular matrix Remodelling collagenase: MMP-9 in pregnant women with HIV, a potential preterm birth mechanism warranting further exploration","volume":"11","author":"Short","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz054","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 are elevated in human preterm laboring uterine myometrium and exacerbate uterine contractility","volume":"100","author":"Ulrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179434","article-title":"The enigmatic interplay of Interleukin-10 in the synergy of HIV infection comorbid with preeclampsia","volume":"25","author":"Naidoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2019.101344","article-title":"Functions and regulation of T cell-derived interleukin-10","volume":"44","author":"Neumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090808","article-title":"The negative impact of maternal HIV infection on birth outcomes-myth or reality?","volume":"13","author":"Fle\u0219eriu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03836-z","article-title":"Lower birth weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores in infants with in-utero HIV and ART exposure: a prospective study in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Nyemba","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx187","article-title":"In utero ART exposure and birth and early growth outcomes among HIV-exposed uninfected infants attending immunization services: results from national PMTCT surveillance, South Africa","volume":"4","author":"Ramokolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000004377","article-title":"Associations between maternal lipid profiles and cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes among children who are HIV-exposed uninfected vs. HIV-unexposed children aged 5-8years in a South African birth cohort","volume":"40","author":"Dogon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1086\/315458","article-title":"Influence of human immunodeficiency virus-infected maternal environment on development of infant interleukin-12 production","volume":"181","author":"Chougnet","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00222","article-title":"Altered toll-like Receptor-4 response to lipopolysaccharides in infants exposed to HIV-1 and its preventive therapy","volume":"9","author":"Maloupazoa Siawaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000161","article-title":"Altered innate immune development in HIV-exposed uninfected infants","volume":"66","author":"Reikie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240933","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses","volume":"341","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22244-6","article-title":"HIV-exposure, early life feeding practices and delivery mode impacts on faecal bacterial profiles in a South African birth cohort","volume":"8","author":"Claassen-Weitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Cytokine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043466626000773?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043466626000773?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T22:49:38Z","timestamp":1787093378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043466626000773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["S1043466626000773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-4666"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-4666","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Maternal and early-life longitudinal cytokine profiles in a South African birth cohort: the impact of HIV","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cytokine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2026.157182","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"157182"}}