{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:21:49Z","timestamp":1789960909378,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014848","name":"Arnold Ventures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-05172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-05172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:19:43Z","timestamp":1735690783000},"page":"100317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2866-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther O.","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila V.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn D.","family":"Wenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Humphrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amang","family":"Sukasih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky N.","family":"Bluthenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansel E.","family":"Tookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don C.","family":"Des Jarlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara N.","family":"Glick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"LaKosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Prohaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex H.","family":"Kral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barrot H.","family":"Lambdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib1","series-title":"Provisional drug overdose death counts","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2024.100421","article-title":"Financial barriers, facilitators, and strategies among syringe services programs in the U.S., and their impact on implementation and health outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Akiba","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSM - Qual. Res. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2021.100013","article-title":"We have to be uncomfortable and creative: Reflections on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on overdose prevention, harm reduction & homelessness advocacy in Philadelphia","volume":"1","author":"Aronowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM - Qual. Res. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00721-6","article-title":"\u201cWe want everything in a one-stop shop\u201d: acceptability and feasibility of PrEP and buprenorphine implementation with mobile syringe services for Black people who inject drugs","volume":"19","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib5","unstructured":"Becerra, X., & Gupta, R. 2022. Statement by HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra and ONDCP Director Rahul Gupta [Text]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. \u3008https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/news\/2022\/02\/09\/statement-hhs-secretary-xavier-becerra-and-ondcp-director-rahul-gupta.html\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109323","article-title":"Harm reduction and health services provided by syringe services programs in 2019 and subsequent impact of COVID-19 on services in 2020","volume":"232","author":"Behrends","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.03.001","article-title":"Naloxone\u2019s role in the national opioid crisis\u2014Past struggles, current efforts, and future opportunities","volume":"234","author":"Bennett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Res.: J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2023.Drug Overdose Deaths | Drug Overdose | CDC Injury Center.\u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/deaths\/index.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024a. 2024 Viral Hepatitis National Progress Report. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/policy\/npr\/2024\/index.htm\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024c. Funding for Syringe Services Programs. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/syringe-services-programs\/php\/funding\/index.html\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024d. Syringe Services Programs. Syringe Services Programs (SSPs). \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/syringe-services-programs\/php\/index.html\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024b). Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2018\u20132022. 29(1). https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/156513\/cdc_156513_DS1.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303403","article-title":"Innovation and adaptation: the rise of a fentanyl smoking culture in San Francisco","volume":"19","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2100926","article-title":"How the war on drugs impacts social determinants of health beyond the criminal legal system","volume":"54","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305268","article-title":"Paraphernalia laws, criminalizing possession and distribution of items used to consume illicit drugs, and injection-related harm","volume":"109","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3","article-title":"Syringe service programs for persons who inject drugs in urban, suburban, and rural areas\u2014United States, 2013","volume":"64","author":"Des Jarlais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mmwr. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103369","article-title":"The uptake of foil from needle and syringe provision services and its role in smoking or snorting heroin among people who inject drugs in Scotland","volume":"98","author":"Dunleavy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111318","article-title":"Changes in injecting versus smoking heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine among people who inject drugs in San Diego, California, 2020\u20132023","volume":"259","author":"Eger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307583","article-title":"Funding and delivery of syringe services programs in the United States, 2022","volume":"114","author":"Facente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4210-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of needle and syringe Programmes in people who inject drugs \u2013 an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"17","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00685-7","article-title":"Heroin pipe distribution to reduce high-risk drug consumption behaviors among people who use heroin: a pilot quasi-experimental study","volume":"19","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1528460","article-title":"Safer crack kits and smoking practices: effectiveness of a harm reduction intervention among active crack users in Mexico City","volume":"54","author":"Frankeberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16318","article-title":"Charting the fourth wave: geographic, temporal, race\/ethnicity and demographic trends in polysubstance fentanyl overdose deaths in the United States, 2010\u20132021","volume":"118","author":"Friedman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530","article-title":"Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world","volume":"60","author":"Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2024.00032","article-title":"Colocating syringe services, COVID-19 vaccination, and infectious disease testing: Baltimore\u2019s experience","volume":"43","author":"Heidari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1635557","article-title":"Engaging an unstably housed population with low-barrier buprenorphine treatment at a syringe services program: lessons learned from Seattle, Washington","volume":"41","author":"Hood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst. Abus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111275","article-title":"A qualitative study on perceptions and experiences of overdose among people who smoke drugs in Vancouver, British Columbia","author":"Ivsins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-023-00394-x","article-title":"Three decades of research in substance use disorder treatment for syringe services program participants: a scoping review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Jakubowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict. Sci. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib29","unstructured":"Kingston, S. 2021. WA State Project to Prevent Prescription Drug\/Opioid Overdose: Final Report on Naloxone Distribution, September 1, 2016 \u2013 August 31, 2021. Addictions, Drug & Alcohol Institute (ADAI), University of Washington."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib30","unstructured":"Kingston, S., Newman, A., Banta-Green, C., & Glick, S. 2022. Results from the 2021 WA State Syringe Service Program Health Survey. University of Washington. \u3008https:\/\/adai.uw.edu\/syringe-survey-2021\/\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib31","unstructured":"Kingston, S., Newman, A., Banta-Green, C., & Glick, S.N. 2024. Results from the 2023 WA State Syringe Services Program Health Survey. Addictions, Drug & Alcohol Institute, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington. \u3008https:\/\/adai.uw.edu\/download\/9208\/\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109003","article-title":"Transition from injecting opioids to smoking fentanyl in San Francisco, California","volume":"227","author":"Kral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6933a2","article-title":"Overdose education and naloxone distribution within syringe service programs\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Lambdin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mmwr. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib34","unstructured":"Lambdin, B.H., Patel, S.V., Humphrey, J.L., Wenger, L.D., Saunders, M.E., Strack, C.N., Browne, E.N., Rodriguez Borja, I., Smith, J., Pindyck, T., Christensen, A., Adams, M., & Kral, A.H. 2023. Program and Operational Characteristics of Syringe Services Programs\u2014Data from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs (Anonymized), 2022 [Dataset]. RTI International. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.11371985"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00755-4","article-title":"How do contextual factors influence naloxone distribution from syringe service programs in the USA: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Lambdin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.11.017","article-title":"Identifying gaps in the implementation of naloxone programs for laypersons in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Lambdin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.02.008","article-title":"I inject less as I have easier access to pipes","volume":"19","author":"Leonard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2010.00188.x","article-title":"Needle exchange as a safe haven in an unsafe world","volume":"30","author":"MacNeil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.111053","article-title":"Health risks associated with smoking versus injecting fentanyl among people who use drugs in California","volume":"255","author":"Megerian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib40","unstructured":"National Association of County and City Health Officials. 2023. Smoking Supplies: The Local Public Health Perspective on an Emerging Harm Reduction Strategy. \u3008https:\/\/www.naccho.org\/blog\/articles\/smoking-supplies-the-local-public-health-perspective-on-an-emerging-harm-reduction-strategy\u3009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1057\/biosoc.2015.46","article-title":"White opioids: pharmaceutical race and the war on drugs that wasn\u2019t","volume":"12","author":"Netherland","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioSocieties"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib42","unstructured":"Office of AIDS. (n.d.). Issue Brief: Smoking Supplies for Harm Reduction. California Department of Public Health. Retrieved February 27, 2024, from \u3008https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DOA\/CDPH%20Document%20Library\/IssueBrief_SmokingSupplies_Web_ADA.pdf\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib43","unstructured":"Ovalle, D. 2024. Fentanyl users get free smoking gear in some cities. Now there\u2019s pushback. The Washington Post. \u3008https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/health\/2024\/05\/29\/fentanyl-smoking-injecting\/\u3009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-021-00414-6","article-title":"Examining prevalence and correlates of smoking opioids in British Columbia: opioids are more often smoked than injected","volume":"16","author":"Parent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Treat.\u00a0Prev.\u00a0Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib45","series-title":"What unites and divides urban, suburban and rural communities","author":"Parker","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib46","unstructured":"Patel, S.V., Wenger, L.D., Pindyck, T., Adams, M., Browne, E., Humphrey, J.L., Saunders, M.E., Smith, J., Christensen, A., Ertl, A., Rodriguez Borja, I., Prohaska, S., LaKosky, P.A., Bluthenthal, R.N., Des Jarlais, D.C., Glick, S.N., Tookes, H.E., Kral, A.H., & Lambdin, B.H. (n.d.). Program and Operational Characteristics of Syringe Services Programs\u2014National Survey of Syringe Services Programs, 2022. Under Review."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-5-24","article-title":"Distributing foil from needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) to promote transitions from heroin injecting to chasing: an evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Pizzey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib48","article-title":"Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs","volume":"2017","author":"Platt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4099-9","article-title":"Declining rates of health problems associated with crack smoking during the expansion of crack pipe distribution in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"17","author":"Prangnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib50","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2023. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. \u3008https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib51","article-title":"Comparing harm reduction and overdose response services between community-based and public health department syringe service programmes using a national cross-sectional survey","volume":"34","author":"Ray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health - Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib52","article-title":"High levels of interest in access to free safer smoking equipment to reduce injection frequency among people who inject drugs in Seattle, Washington","volume":"7","author":"Reid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib53","unstructured":"Rossen, L., Bastian, B., Warner, M., Khan, D., & Chong, Y. 2022. County-level Drug Overdose Mortality: United States, 2003\u20132021. National Center for Health Statistics. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data-visualization\/drug-poisoning-mortality\/index.htm\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib54","unstructured":"Rubio, M. 2022a. Rubio, Senate Republicans Introduce Crack Act. \u3008https:\/\/www.rubio.senate.gov\/rubio-senate-republicans-introduce-crack-act\/\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib55","unstructured":"Rubio, M. 2022b. Rubio, Manchin Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Prohibit Federal Purchasing of Crack Pipes and Needles for Illicit Drug Use. \u3008https:\/\/www.rubio.senate.gov\/rubio-manchin-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-prohibit-federal-purchasing-of-crack-pipes-and-needles-for-illicit-drug-use\/\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib56","unstructured":"Singer, J.A., & Heimowitz, S. 2022. Drug Paraphernalia Laws Undermine Harm Reduction: To Reduce Overdoses and Disease, States Should Emulate Alaska (Policy Analysis no. 929). Cato Institute. \u3008https:\/\/www.cato.org\/policy-analysis\/drug-paraphernalia-laws-undermine-harm-reduction-reduce-overdoses-disease-states\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, M., Garnett, M., & Mini\u00f1o, A. 2023. Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2002-2022 (491; NCHS Data Brief). National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc:135849","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:135849"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-11-18","article-title":"SMOKE IT! promoting a change of opiate consumption pattern\u2014from injecting to inhaling","volume":"11","author":"St\u00f6ver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7306a2","article-title":"Routes of drug use among drug overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2020\u20132022","volume":"73","author":"Tanz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mmwr. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00875-x","article-title":"The utilization and delivery of safer smoking practices and services: a narrative synthesis of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Tapper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib61","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. 2016. Department of Health & Human Services implementation guidance to support certain components of syringe services programs, 2016. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/syringe-services-programs\/media\/pdfs\/2024\/04\/cdc-hiv-syringe-exchange-services.pdf\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"Van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2007.00180.x","article-title":"Regression with missing Ys: an improved strategy for analyzing multiply imputed data","volume":"37","author":"Von Hippel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociol. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib64","unstructured":"Wash. Rev. Code \u00a7 69.50.4121. (2023). \u3008https:\/\/app.leg.wa.gov\/rcw\/default.aspx?cite=\u200969.50.4121\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.03.011","article-title":"Ingenuity and resiliency of syringe service programs on the front lines of the opioid overdose and COVID-19 crises","volume":"234","author":"Wenger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib66","first-page":"631","article-title":"Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Wheeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mmwr. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat. Med."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S277272462400101X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S277272462400101X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T22:33:50Z","timestamp":1747694030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S277272462400101X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S277272462400101X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-7246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-7246","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association of safer smoking supply distribution with participant encounters and naloxone distribution from syringe services programs: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs in the United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100317","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100317"}}