{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:34:32Z","timestamp":1790048072506,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA055872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA055872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01 DA033862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01 DA033862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA024598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA024598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T22:38:36Z","timestamp":1761950316000},"page":"100391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Preferences for harm reduction vending machine design among rural people who use drugs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April M.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasfia","family":"Jahangir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Westneat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsi","family":"Cheatom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Fallin-Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Fanucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia R.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Havens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"McCollister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susannah","family":"Stitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin D.","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2121418","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of naloxone dispensation at public health vending machines in Clark County, Nevada","volume":"54","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2022.10.027","article-title":"Expanding the accessibility of harm reduction services in the United States: Measuring the impact of an automated harm reduction dispensing machine","volume":"63","author":"Arendt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt243","article-title":"Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Aspinall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116683","article-title":"The machine doesn't judge\u201d: Counternarratives on surveillance among people accessing a safer opioid supply via biometric machines","volume":"345","author":"Bardwell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12715","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of rural syringe service program fidelity in Appalachian Kentucky: Staff and participant perspectives","volume":"39","author":"Batty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rural Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2014.956051","article-title":"Characteristics and attendance patterns of a fixed-site NSP and nearby SVM: The benefits of 24-hour access to sterile injecting equipment","volume":"21","author":"Cama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs Education Prevention Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib7","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau, 2020. U.S. Census QuickFacts."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022. Drug Overdose Mortality by State. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/nchs_press_releases\/2022\/202205.htm#:~:text=The%20new%20dat%20show%20overdose,in%202021%20compared%20to%202020\u3009."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00395.x","article-title":"The syringe in the machine","volume":"19","author":"Dodding","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-11-16","article-title":"Long-term survey of a syringe-dispensing machine needle exchange program: answering public concerns","volume":"11","author":"Duplessy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf197","article-title":"Injection-Related Infections and Self-treatment Practices Among People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Appalachia","volume":"12","author":"Fanucchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(00)00104-5","article-title":"Reduced injection frequency and increased entry and retention in drug treatment associated with needle-exchange participation in Seattle drug injectors","volume":"19","author":"Hagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib13","unstructured":"Health Resources and Services Administration, 2025. Am I Rural? - Tool. \u3008https:\/\/www.ruralhealthinfo.org\/am-i-rural#\/\u3009. (Accessed September 10 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941","article-title":"Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations","author":"Heckathorn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549241308169","article-title":"Advancing Equitable Access to Harm Reduction: Implementation and Early Use of an Outdoor Harm Reduction Vending Machine, Kern County, California, 2023","author":"Herrera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00518-z","article-title":"Factors that influence enrollment in syringe services programs in rural areas: a qualitative study among program clients in Appalachian Kentucky","volume":"18","author":"Ibragimov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.07.006","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of syringe vending machines as a component of needle syringe programmes in community settings","volume":"19","author":"Islam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701711199","article-title":"Client satisfaction and risk behaviours of the users of syringe dispensing machines: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Islam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890701249640","article-title":"Syringe vending machines as a form of needle syringe programme: Advantages and disadvantages","volume":"12","author":"Islam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080802344757","article-title":"Staff perceptions of syringe dispensing machines in Australia: a pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Islam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.04.006","article-title":"Syringe services programs: An examination of legal, policy, and funding barriers in the midst of the evolving opioid crisis in the U.S","volume":"70","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib22","unstructured":"Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center, 2023. 2023 Drug Overdose Fatality Report. Lexington, KY."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib23","article-title":"Needle and Syringe Programs in Rural Areas: Addressing the Intravenous Drug Use Epidemic","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rehabil. Res. Policy Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knudsen, H.K., Havens, J.R., Young, A.M., 2025. Acceptability and Appropriateness of Harm Reduction Vending Machines Compared to Syringe Service Programs in Appalachian Kentucky. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs.","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.25-00120"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib25","first-page":"2","article-title":"Acceptability and appropriateness of harm reduction vending machines compared to syringe service programs in Appalachian Kentucky","volume":"86","author":"Knudsen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.15.4.257.23828","article-title":"A meta-analysis of needle sharing, lending, and borrowing behaviors of needle exchange program attenders","volume":"15","author":"Ksobiech","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Educ. Prev."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1800741","article-title":"Syringe Service Program Utilization, Barriers, and Preferences for Design in Rural Appalachia: Differences between Men and Women Who Inject Drugs","volume":"55","author":"Lancaster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01222-y","article-title":"Discreet but accessible: a qualitative study with people who use drugs and service staff about the optimal design of a harm reduction vending machine in rural Kentucky","volume":"22","author":"Marschke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.06.004","article-title":"The evaluation of a trial of syringe vending machines in Canberra, Australia","volume":"20","author":"McDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.12.1852","article-title":"Syringe vending machines for injection drug users: an experiment in Marseille, France","volume":"89","author":"Obadia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0292-8","article-title":"Perceived acceptability of and willingness to use syringe vending machines: results of a cross-sectional survey of out-of-service people who inject drugs in Tbilisi, Georgia","volume":"16","author":"Otiashvili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103649","article-title":"Implementation and evaluation of a syringe vending machine trial in Tbilisi, Georgia","volume":"103","author":"Otiashvili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00765-2","article-title":"A scoping review of implementation considerations for harm reduction vending machines","volume":"20","author":"Russell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib34","unstructured":"SAS Institute, I., SAS 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, L.C., Brown, E.A., Creegan, E., Bertrand, T.E., Ogundare, S., Park, C.J., Berk, J., Chan, P.A., Marshall, B.D.L., 2025. Comparing Harm Reduction Vending Machines and In-Person Overdose Prevention Services in Practice: A Case Study From Rhode Island. J Public Health Manag Pract.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000002128"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib36","first-page":"209","article-title":"Characteristics of users of syringe vending machines in Berlin","volume":"39","author":"Stark","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soz. Prav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00747-4","article-title":"\"There's absolutely no downside to this, I mean, except community opposition:\" A qualitative study of the acceptability of vending machines for harm reduction","volume":"20","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00524-1","article-title":"Injections and infections: understanding syringe service program utilization in a rural state","volume":"18","author":"Thakarar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001098","article-title":"County-Level Vulnerability Assessment for Rapid Dissemination of HIV or HCV Infections Among Persons Who Inject Drugs, United States","volume":"73","author":"Van Handel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (1999)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib40","article-title":"Qualitative exploration of public health vending machines in young adults who misuse opioids: A promising strategy to increase naloxone access in a high risk underserved population","volume":"5","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00960-9","article-title":"No-one just does drugs during business hours!\u201d: evaluation of a 24\/7 primary needle and syringe program in St Kilda, Australia","volume":"21","author":"Walker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.12.011","article-title":"Differential access to syringe exchange and other prevention activities among people who inject drugs in rural and urban areas of Puerto Rico","volume":"43","author":"Welch-Lazoritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.010","article-title":"Community attitudes towards harm reduction services and a newly established needle and syringe automatic dispensing machine in an inner-city area of Sydney, Australia","volume":"27","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104709","article-title":"Likelihood of using a harm reduction vending machine among rural people who inject drugs in Appalachian Kentucky","volume":"137","author":"Young","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01236-6","article-title":"Vending machines for reducing harm associated with substance use and use disorders, and co-occurring conditions: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391_bib46","first-page":"453","article-title":"Increases in hepatitis C virus infection related to injection drug use among persons aged \u226430 years - Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, 2006-2012","volume":"64","author":"Zibbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772724625000745?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772724625000745?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T21:26:07Z","timestamp":1766179567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772724625000745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S2772724625000745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-7246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-7246","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Preferences for harm reduction vending machine design among rural people who use drugs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100391","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100391"}}