{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:07:52Z","timestamp":1781222872586,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005217","name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CE003349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CE003349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:02:59Z","timestamp":1774040579000},"page":"100433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Xylazine in Ohio: Insights from individuals with criminal legal system involvement and a history of illicit stimulant use"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bridget","family":"Duffy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1708-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Short Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4439-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saroj","family":"Bista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2618-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nichole L.","family":"Michaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16200","article-title":"Agreement between self-reported illicit drug use and biological samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Bharat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108712","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for opioid related mortality among probation clients in an American city","volume":"137","author":"Boulger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00959-2","article-title":"Xylazine co-occurrence with illicit fentanyl is a growing threat in the Deep South: a retrospective study of decedent data","volume":"21","author":"Bradford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.50630","article-title":"Xylazine in overdose deaths and forensic drug reports in US states, 2019-2022","volume":"7","author":"Cano","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024. What you should know about xylazine. \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/overdose-prevention\/about\/what-you-should-know-about-xylazine.html\u3009 (accessed March 21, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110833","article-title":"Xylazine-involved fatal overdoses and localized geographic clustering: Cook County, IL, 2019-2022","volume":"249","author":"Delcher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib7","first-page":"54","article-title":"Adulterants in drugs of abuse: A recent focus of a changing phenomenon","volume":"173","author":"Di Trana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib8","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration, 2022. Xylazine. \u3008https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_chem_info\/Xylazine.pdf\u3009 (accessed March 21, 2025)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib9","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration, n.d. Xylazine information. \u3008https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/xylazine-information\u3009 (accessed December 6, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109511","article-title":"Types of criminal legal system exposure and polysubstance use: prevalence and correlates among U.S. adults in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015\u20132019","volume":"237","author":"Ford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380","article-title":"Xylazine spreads across the US: a growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis","volume":"233","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i03","article-title":"Dates and times made easy with lubridate","volume":"40","author":"Grolemund","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2303120","article-title":"Xylazine \u2014 medical and public health imperatives","volume":"388","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2024.2309326","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship of xylazine and fentanyl blood concentrations among fentanyl-associated fatalities","volume":"62","author":"Hays","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila. )"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0572","article-title":"Knowledge, preference, and adverse effects of xylazine among adults in substance use treatment","volume":"7","author":"Hochheimer","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7226a4","article-title":"Illicitly manufactured fentanyl\u2013involved overdose deaths with detected xylazine \u2014 United States, January 2019\u2013June 2022","volume":"72","author":"Kariisa","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib17","article-title":"Xylazine awareness and suspected presence in the illicit drug supply among people who used stimulants in an overdose hotspot, 2023","author":"Kelly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse 110."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104677","article-title":"Wound\u2011associated agents in the unregulated drug supply: Evidence from a statewide drug checking program","volume":"135","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01097-5","article-title":"Xylazine awareness and attitudes among people who use drugs in Ohio, 2023-2024","volume":"2","author":"Michaels","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib20","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2024. Xylazine. \u3008https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research\u3009- topics\/xylazine (accessed March 21, 2025)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib21","unstructured":"Ohio Department of Health, 2024. Ohio unintentional drug overdose deaths: preliminary data summary Q1. \u3008https:\/\/odh.ohio.gov\/know-our-programs\/violence-injury-prevention-program\/drug-overdose\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib22","unstructured":"Ohio Department of Health, 2025. Ohio unintentional drug overdose deaths: preliminary data summary Q4. \u3008https:\/\/odh.ohio.gov\/know-our-programs\/violence-injury-prevention-program\/drug-overdose\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib23","article-title":"Xylazine awareness, desire, use and exposure: Preliminary findings from the Rhode Island community-based drug checking cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104154","article-title":"Xylazine in the drug supply: emerging threats and lessons learned in areas with high levels of adulteration","volume":"120","author":"Quijano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib25","article-title":"Perspectives of people in Philadelphia who use fentanyl\/heroin adulterated with the animal tranquilizer xylazine; Making a case for xylazine test strips","volume":"4","author":"Reed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.105066","article-title":"Early evidence of the effects of xylazine-adulterated fentanyl in Ohio","volume":"146","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01249-1","article-title":"Tranq\u2019: perceptions of xylazine and harm reduction practices among people receiving treatment for substance use disorders","volume":"22","author":"Salwan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfaf037","article-title":"Evaluating the sensitivity, selectivity, and cross-reactivity of lateral flow immunoassay xylazine test strips","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20220491","article-title":"Substance use disorders, mental illness, and health care utilization among adults with recent criminal legal involvement","volume":"75","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342241265181","article-title":"Exploring xylazine awareness, health impacts, and harm reduction strategies: findings from a multimethods study in Lowell, Massachusetts","volume":"46","author":"Shrestha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Subst. Use Addict. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.105017","article-title":"A brick to a bundle: a qualitative study of behavioral responses to xylazine adulteration","volume":"145","author":"Sibley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3612","article-title":"Understanding sensitivity and cross-reactivity of xylazine lateral flow immunoassay test strips for drug checking applications","volume":"16","author":"Sisco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, M.R., Cisewski, J.A., Warner, M., Garnett, M.F., 2023. Drug overdose deaths involving xylazine: United States, 2018\u20132021, Vital Statistics Rapid Release (30). National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD. \u3008https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/129519\u3009 (accessed March 20, 2025)","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:129519"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib34","unstructured":"State of Ohio Office of the Governor, 2023. Governor DeWine authorizes emergency classification of xylazine as Schedule III controlled substance. \u3008https:\/\/governor.ohio.gov\/media\/news-and-media\/Governor-DeWine-Authorizes\u3009- Emergency-Classification-of-Xylazine-as-Schedule-III-Controlled-Substance (accessed March 20, 2025)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib35","unstructured":"State of Ohio Office of the Governor, 2025. Governor DeWine authorizes Ohio Board of Pharmacy to adopt emergency rule legalizing tools to prevent drug overdoses. \u3008https:\/\/governor.ohio.gov\/media\/news-and-media\/governor-dewine-authorizes-ohio-board-of-pharmacy-to-adopt-emergency-rule-legalizing-tools-to-prevent-drug-overdoses\u3009 (accessed December 6, 2025)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib36","unstructured":"StreetCheck, 2026. Presence of xylazine in lab-tested samples \u2013 over time. \u3008https:\/\/root.streetcheck.org\/Public\/ViewReport?workspaceID=10ff0b88-816e-4c23-a543-521381747f0e&reportID=d21a0e5c-6604-47f8-bdca-93fb4bd695d9&mode=embedde\u3009 (accessed March 9, 2026)."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a5","article-title":"Notes from the field: xylazine, a veterinary tranquilizer, identified as an emerging novel substance in drug overdose deaths - Connecticut, 2019-2020","volume":"70","author":"Thangada","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-6-7","article-title":"Xylazine (veterinary sedative) use in Puerto Rico","volume":"6","author":"Torruella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Treat. Prev. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110985","article-title":"Prevalence of fentanyl in methamphetamine and cocaine samples collected by community-based drug checking services","volume":"252","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib40","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Fran\u00e7ois, R., Henry, L., M\u00fcller, K., Vaughan, D., 2023. dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation. R package version 1.1.4. \u3008https:\/\/dplyr.tidyverse.org\u3009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00648.x","article-title":"Concurrent detection of heroin, fentanyl, and xylazine in seven drug-related deaths reported from the Philadelphia Medical Examiner's Office","volume":"53","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772724626000260?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772724626000260?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T23:45:49Z","timestamp":1781221549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772724626000260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S2772724626000260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-7246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-7246","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Xylazine in Ohio: Insights from individuals with criminal legal system involvement and a history of illicit stimulant use","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100433","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100433"}}