{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:08:24Z","timestamp":1789088904626,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T23:53:58Z","timestamp":1781049238000},"page":"100456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of partial cannabis legalisation in Luxembourg: An interdisciplinary perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3404-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Berndt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3321-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Oliverio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16280","article-title":"The impact of cannabis legalization and decriminalization on acute poisoning: a systematic review","volume":"118","author":"Allaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2023.09.027","article-title":"Weeding out the dealers? the economics of cannabis legalization","volume":"216","author":"Auriol","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. & Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04644-4","article-title":"Trends and challenges in analytical chemistry for multi \u2011 analysis of illicit drugs employing wastewater \u2011 based epidemiology","volume":"415","author":"Barbosa de Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib4","article-title":"Moving on from representativeness: testing the utility of the global drug survey","volume":"11","author":"Barratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Res. Treat."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.12.002","article-title":"Should I Buy or Should I Grow?\u201d How drug policy institutions and drug market transaction costs shape the decision to self-supply with cannabis in the Netherlands and the Czech Republic","volume":"26","author":"Belackova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104796","article-title":"Getting \"The whole picture\": A review of international research on the outcomes of regulated cannabis supply","volume":"142","author":"Belackova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib7","series-title":"National Drug Report 2025. The Drug Phenomenon in Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg: Trends and Developments","author":"Berndt","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121522","article-title":"Making waves: Wastewater-based surveillance of cannabis use","volume":"255","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/soin.12619","article-title":"Cannabis legalization and its effects on organized crime: lessons and research recommendations from Canada","volume":"95","author":"Bouchard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sociol. Inq."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14641","article-title":"Using wastewater-based analysis to monitor the effects of legalized retail sales on cannabis consumption in Washington State, USA","volume":"114","author":"Burgard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib11","series-title":"Risk behaviours in school-aged children in Luxembourg \u2013 Report on the Luxembourg HBSC Survey 2022","author":"Catunda","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib12","series-title":"Controlled Drug Analysis","first-page":"10","article-title":"Drug Sampling","author":"Cole","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib13","article-title":"Cannabis legalization and driving under the influence of cannabis in a national U.S. Sample","volume":"27","author":"Dutra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib14","series-title":"Cannabis laws in Europe: questions and answers for policymaking","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [EMCDDA]","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib16","series-title":"European Drug Report 2025: Trends and Developments","author":"European Union Drugs Agency","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib17","series-title":"European Web Survey on Drugs (EWSD) 2024: methodology","author":"European Union Drugs Agency","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib18","article-title":"The impact of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use and associated outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Farrelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Res. Treat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy090","article-title":"Assessing the public health impact of cannabis legalization in Canada: core outcome indicators towards an 'index' for monitoring and evaluation","volume":"41","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Public. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054655","article-title":"Effects of cannabis legalization on road safety: a literature review","volume":"20","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732318820523","article-title":"Methods to assess cannabis consumption in population surveys: results of cognitive interviewing","volume":"29","author":"Goodman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20735","article-title":"Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use: the US experience","volume":"19","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-024-01679-6","article-title":"Young adult alcohol and cannabis impaired driving after the opening of cannabis retail stores in Washington State","volume":"25","author":"Hultgren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104832","article-title":"Cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","volume":"142","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1611841","article-title":"How will cannabis legalization affect health, safety, and social equity outcomes? It largely depends on the 14 Ps","volume":"45","author":"Kilmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug. Alcohol. Abus."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.11.034","article-title":"A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evolution of adolescent and young adult cannabis consumption before and after legalization","volume":"70","author":"Lachance","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib27","series-title":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale","article-title":"Drogues et l\u00e9gislation","author":"Le Gouvernement du Grand-Duch\u00e9 de Luxembourg","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.12.013","article-title":"What is the prevalence of drug use in the general population? Simulating underreported and unknown use for more accurate national estimates","volume":"68","author":"Levy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib29","article-title":"Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates","volume":"10","author":"Manthey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib30","series-title":"Effects of legalizing cannabis: Technical report","article-title":"I","author":"Manthey","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104793","article-title":"Association of recreational cannabis legalization with changes in medical, illegal, and total cannabis expenditures in Canada","volume":"139","author":"McDonald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug. Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.6551","article-title":"Cannabis use and misuse following recreational cannabis legalization","volume":"8","author":"McDonald","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15517","article-title":"Illegal drug market responses to state recreational cannabis laws","volume":"116","author":"Meinhofer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib34","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re d\u2019Etat. (2023). M\u00e9morial A n\u00b0 408\/2023. Loi du 10 juillet 2023 portant modification de la loi modifi\u00e9e du 19 f\u00e9vrier 1973 concernant la vente de substances m\u00e9dicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie. Luxembourg: Minist\u00e8re d\u2019\u00c9tat. Retrieved from: \u3008https:\/\/legilux.public.lu\/eli\/etat\/leg\/loi\/2023\/07\/10\/a408\/jo\u3009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib35","series-title":"Cannabis: Habitudes de consommation, d\u2019acquisition et de culture \u00e0 domicile de cannabis \u00e0 des fins r\u00e9cr\u00e9atives [Factsheet]. Luxembourg: Direction de la sant\u00e9","article-title":"Point Focal Luxembourgeois de l\u2019EUDA, & ILRES S.A","author":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.689444","article-title":"Cannabis and Driving","volume":"12","author":"Pearlson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.05.015","article-title":"Cannabis clubs in Uruguay: the challenges of regulation","volume":"34","author":"Queirolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.03.024","article-title":"Prohibition, regulation or laissez faire: the policy trade-offs of cannabis policy","volume":"56","author":"Rogeberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug. Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370820983560","article-title":"Cannabis users and stigma: A comparison of users from European countries with different cannabis policies","volume":"19","author":"Skliamis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Criminol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib40","article-title":"Effects of Regulation Intensity on Marijuana Black Market After Legalization","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diss. Theses"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2023.2220853","article-title":"Collisions and cannabis: Measuring the effect of recreational marijuana legalization on traffic crashes in Washington State","volume":"24","author":"Voy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14492-z","article-title":"Consumer perceptions of legal cannabis products in Canada, 2019\u20132021: a repeat cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E233","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20200155","article-title":"Association between legalization of recreational cannabis and fatal motor vehicle collisions in the United States: an ecologic study","volume":"9","author":"Windle","year":"2021","journal-title":"CMAJ Open."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.07.012","article-title":"The Impact of Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization on Road Safety Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"63","author":"Windle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4192","DOI":"10.3390\/w15234192","article-title":"Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Assessing Illicit Drug Usage and Impact through an Innovative Approach","volume":"15","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2496","article-title":"Can a threshold for 11 - nor - 9 - carboxy - \u0394 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol in hair be derived when its respective concentration in blood serum indicates regular use","author":"Zinka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug. Test. Anal."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772724626000491?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772724626000491?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:20:17Z","timestamp":1789086017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772724626000491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S2772724626000491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-7246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-7246","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of partial cannabis legalisation in Luxembourg: An interdisciplinary perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2026.100456","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100456"}}