{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:42:39Z","timestamp":1790026959166,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental &amp; Comparative Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,17]],"date-time":"2010-02-17T09:17:06Z","timestamp":1266398226000},"page":"705-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Infection with the trypanosome Crithidia bombi and expression of immune-related genes in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Helge","family":"Schl\u00fcns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben M.","family":"Sadd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Schmid-Hempel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross H.","family":"Crozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib1","series-title":"Evolutionary ecology of parasites","author":"Poulin","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.02.008","article-title":"Ecological immunology of mosquito-malaria interactions","volume":"24","author":"Tripet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01541.x","article-title":"Experimental evolution of field populations of Daphnia magna in response to parasite treatment","volume":"21","author":"Zbinden","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib4","series-title":"Insect infection and immunity: evolution, ecology, and mechanisms","first-page":"225","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary implications of specific immune responses","author":"Sadd","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140100222","article-title":"On the evolutionary ecology of host\u2013parasite interactions: addressing the question with regard to bumblebees and their parasites","volume":"88","author":"Schmid-Hempel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.006","article-title":"The evolution and diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib7","series-title":"Parasites in social insects","author":"Schmid-Hempel","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2003.00770.x","article-title":"Strong context-dependent virulence in a host\u2013parasite system: reconciling genetic evidence with theory","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-007-0974-1","article-title":"Effects of natal and novel Crithidia bombi (Trypanosomatidae) infections on Bombus terrestris hosts","volume":"55","author":"Yourth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Insect Soc"},{"issue":"1590","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3423","article-title":"Bumble-bee foragers infected by a gut parasite have an impaired ability to utilize floral information","volume":"273","author":"Gegear","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.04.026","article-title":"Buzziness as usual? Questioning the global pollination crisis","volume":"20","author":"Ghazoul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006481","article-title":"Colony collapse disorder: a descriptive study","volume":"4","author":"vanEngelsdorp","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2771","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002771","article-title":"Does pathogen spillover from commercially reared bumble bees threaten wild pollinators?","volume":"3","author":"Otterstatter","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615","article-title":"The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"25","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib15","series-title":"Insect immunology","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2004.05.004","article-title":"Genetics of anti-parasite resistance in invertebrates","volume":"29","author":"Carton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Devel Comp Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2006.00682.x","article-title":"Immune pathways and defence mechanisms in honey bees Apis mellifera","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib18","first-page":"237","article-title":"Molecular and chemical immune defenses in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","volume":"12","author":"Schl\u00fcns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Myrmecol News"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R63","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-10-r63","article-title":"Adult midgut expressed sequence tags from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans and expression analysis of putative immune response genes","volume":"4","author":"Lehane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(00)00096-5","article-title":"Immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to infection with the flagellate parasite Crithidia spp","volume":"31","author":"Boulanger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.04.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in the interactions between insects and flagellate parasites","volume":"22","author":"Boulanger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7140-7146.2004","article-title":"Characterization of a defensin from the sand fly Phlebotomus duboscqi induced by challenge with bacteria or the protozoan parasite Leishmania major","volume":"72","author":"Boulanger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2003.07.001","article-title":"Proventriculus (cardia) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidiae)","volume":"33","author":"Hao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2003.10.010","article-title":"Thioester-containing proteins and insect immunity","volume":"40","author":"Blandin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12708","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.22.12708","article-title":"Helix pomatia Lectin, an inducer of Drosophila immune response, binds to hemomucin, a novel surface mucin","volume":"271","author":"Theopold","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002755","article-title":"Activation of host constitutive immune defence by an intestinal trypanosome parasite of bumble bees","volume":"126","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(05)32001-7","article-title":"Insect immunity: an evolutionary ecology perspective","volume":"32","author":"Siva-Jothy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Insect Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007621","article-title":"Differential expression of immune defences is associated with specific host\u2013parasite interactions in insects","volume":"4","author":"Riddell","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib29","unstructured":"Salath\u00e9-Zehnder R. Ecology and genetics of Crithidia bombi (Trypanosomatidae). Field study and experimental approach. PhD thesis. ETH Z\u00fcrich, 2007, doi:10.3929\/ethz-a-005421622."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2007.00768.x","article-title":"Relish regulates expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in the honeybee, Apis mellifera, shown by RNA interference","volume":"16","author":"Schl\u00fcns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-110","article-title":"Analysis of a normalised expressed sequence tag (EST) library from a key pollinator, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris","volume":"11","author":"Sadd","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib32","unstructured":"Rychlik W. Oligo 4.0 for Macintosh. National Biosciences, 1992."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kibbe WA. OligoCalc: an online oligonucleotide properties calculator. Nucleic Acids Res 2007;35(webserver issue):May 25. http:\/\/www.basic.northwestern.edu\/biotools\/oligocalc.html.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm234"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-1878(200101)23:1<62::AID-BIES1008>3.3.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Gene expression and the evolution of insect polyphenisms","volume":"23","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2004.02.004","article-title":"Transcriptional immune responses by honey bee larvae during invasion by the bacterial pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae","volume":"85","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invertebr Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib36","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B: Met"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2005.02.019","article-title":"Global gene expression analysis of Anopheles gambiae responses to microbial challenge","volume":"35","author":"Aguilar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.035337","article-title":"Linkage disequilibrium and recent selection at three immunity receptor loci in Drosophila simulans","volume":"169","author":"Schlenke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05180.x","article-title":"Innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"5665","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092447","article-title":"Genetic basis of natural variation in D. melanogaster antibacterial immunity","volume":"303","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00935.x","article-title":"Colony-level impacts of immune responsiveness in honey bees, Apis mellifera","volume":"59","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12654","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231471798","article-title":"Drosophila MyD88 is an adapter in the Toll signaling pathway","volume":"98","author":"Horng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600033","article-title":"Regulated assembly of the Toll signaling complex drives Drosophila dorsoventral patterning","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-175","article-title":"The components of the Daphnia pulex immune system as revealed by complete genome sequencing","volume":"10","author":"McTaggart","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"}],"container-title":["Developmental &amp; Comparative Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145305X10000315?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145305X10000315?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T15:48:37Z","timestamp":1739893717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145305X10000315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0145305X10000315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-305X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-305X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}