{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:59:19Z","timestamp":1778043559565,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental &amp; Comparative Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,17]],"date-time":"2010-05-17T06:10:34Z","timestamp":1274076634000},"page":"999-1008","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pre-acute hepadnaviral infection is associated with activation-induced apoptotic death of lymphocytes in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) model of hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Shashi A.","family":"Gujar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam K.M.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonya A.","family":"MacParland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz I.","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50310","article-title":"Kinetics of the immune response during HBV and HCV infection","volume":"38","author":"Bertoletti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00221.x","article-title":"Immune response and tolerance during chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"37","author":"Bertoletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590050046","article-title":"Apoptotic cell death: its implications for imaging in the next millennium","volume":"27","author":"Blankenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100009","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"85","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196169","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus immunopathology","volume":"17","author":"Chisari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Springer Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.11811","article-title":"Type 1\/type 2 cytokine modulation of T-cell programmed cell death as a model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis","volume":"91","author":"Clerici","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5048","article-title":"Persistence of infectious hepadnavirus in the offspring of woodchuck mothers recovered from viral hepatitis","volume":"104","author":"Coffin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002329900051","article-title":"Role of translocases in the generation of phosphatidylserine asymmetry","volume":"151","author":"Diaz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7156","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02711-06","article-title":"Acute resolving woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection is associated with a strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to a single WHV core peptide","volume":"81","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6992","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00661-08","article-title":"Aberrant lymphocyte activation precedes delayed virus-specific T-cell response after both primary infection and secondary exposure to hepadnavirus in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Gujar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1081\/IMM-200055834","article-title":"Flow cytometric quantification of T cell proliferation and division kinetics in woodchuck model of hepatitis B","volume":"34","author":"Gujar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.02.011","article-title":"Characterization of bioactive recombinant woodchuck interleukin-2 amplified by RLM-RACE and produced in eukaryotic expression system","volume":"112","author":"Gujar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02521-08","article-title":"Primary occult hepadnavirus infection induces virus-specific T-cell and aberrant cytokine responses in the absence of antiviral antibody reactivity in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"83","author":"Gujar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8579","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01022-08","article-title":"Intrahepatic expression of genes affiliated with innate and adaptive immune responses immediately after invasion and during acute infection with woodchuck hepadnavirus","volume":"82","author":"Guy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.11.3466","article-title":"Modification of T-cell proliferation and interleukin 2 production in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"80","author":"Harel-Bellan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(84)90184-3","article-title":"Cellular immune responses during complicated and uncomplicated measles virus infections of man","volume":"31","author":"Hirsch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.29004","article-title":"Augmented hepatic interferon gamma expression and T-cell influx characterize acute hepatitis progressing to recovery and residual lifelong virus persistence in experimental adult woodchuck hepatitis virus infection","volume":"34","author":"Hodgson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.2.219","article-title":"Natural interferon alpha\/beta-producing cells link innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"192","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1303","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of viral infection","volume":"7","author":"Kawai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2003.00487.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures","volume":"11","author":"Lavanchy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(02)00072-8","article-title":"Multiparametric flow cytometric analysis of biochemical and functional events associated with apoptosis and oncosis using the 7-aminoactinomycin D assay","volume":"265","author":"Lecoeur","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.11.002","article-title":"Molecular characterization of woodchuck type I interferons and their expression by woodchuck peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i1.104","article-title":"The woodchuck as an animal model for pathogenesis and therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Menne","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21558","article-title":"Immunosuppression reactivates viral replication long after resolution of woodchuck hepatitis virus infection","volume":"45","author":"Menne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90279-T","article-title":"T-cell dysfunction in HIV infection: anergy due to defective antigen-presenting cell function?","volume":"14","author":"Meyaard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2002.017406.x","article-title":"Occult persistence and lymphotropism of hepadnaviral infection: insights from the woodchuck viral hepatitis model","volume":"174","author":"Michalak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib27","series-title":"Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment","first-page":"87","article-title":"Immunology of hepatitis B virus","author":"Michalak","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.4.1730-1738.2004","article-title":"Low doses of hepadnavirus induce infection of the lymphatic system that does not engage the liver","volume":"78","author":"Michalak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290329","article-title":"Occult lifelong persistence of infectious hepadnavirus and residual liver inflammation in woodchucks convalescent from acute viral hepatitis","volume":"29","author":"Michalak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116950","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus persistence after recovery from acute viral hepatitis","volume":"93","author":"Michalak","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1817","article-title":"Mechanisms maintaining peripheral tolerance","volume":"11","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5682","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i43.5682","article-title":"Persistent occult hepatitis B virus infection: experimental findings and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Mulrooney-Cousins","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7540","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00405-08","article-title":"Repeated passage of wild-type woodchuck hepatitis virus in lymphoid cells does not generate cell type-specific variants or alter virus infectivity","volume":"82","author":"Mulrooney-Cousins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199709)53:1<85::AID-JMV15>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of partial cDNAs for woodchuck cytokines and CD3epsilon with applications for the detection of RNA expression in tissues by RT-PCR assay","volume":"53","author":"Nakamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.10.033","article-title":"Mechanisms of HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"52","author":"Neuveut","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.060012097","article-title":"Selective in vivo suppression of T lymphocyte responses in experimental measles virus infection","volume":"97","author":"Niewiesk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.07.014","article-title":"Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"49","author":"Raimondo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00704-3","article-title":"Pathways of apoptosis in lymphocyte development, homeostasis, and disease","volume":"109","author":"Rathmell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/141.4.488","article-title":"Mechanisms of immunosuppression in cytomegaloviral mononucleosis","volume":"141","author":"Rinaldo","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg295","article-title":"Apoptosis and proliferation kinetics of T cells in patients having experienced antiretroviral treatment interruptions","volume":"52","author":"Roger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/8.6.850","article-title":"Immunosuppression in viral infections","volume":"8","author":"Rouse","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990150104","article-title":"Sensitive method for measuring apoptosis and cell surface phenotype in human thymocytes by flow cytometry","volume":"15","author":"Schmid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.6.2277-2281.1995","article-title":"Depressed T-cell proliferation associated with susceptibility to experimental Taenia crassiceps infection","volume":"63","author":"Sciutto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19980101)31:1<1::AID-CYTO1>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Annexin V-affinity assay: a review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure","volume":"31","author":"van Engeland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(95)00072-I","article-title":"A novel assay for apoptosis. Flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled annexin V","volume":"184","author":"Vermes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10236","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.10236-10244.1999","article-title":"Lymphocyte activation during acute simian\/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV (89.6PD) infection in macaques","volume":"73","author":"Wallace","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2004.11.006","article-title":"Comparison of biological activity of recombinant woodchuck interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha produced in baculovirus and Escherichia coli expression systems","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401771101","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"101","author":"Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001_bib49","series-title":"Hepatitis B","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Developmental &amp; Comparative Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145305X10001011?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145305X10001011?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T18:32:50Z","timestamp":1591295570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145305X10001011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0145305X10001011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-305X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-305X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}