{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:49:46Z","timestamp":1785466186262,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Discourse, Context &amp; Media"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:52:53Z","timestamp":1620348773000},"page":"100503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Flu-like pandemics and metaphor pre-covid: A corpus investigation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Kidgell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0005","first-page":"60","article-title":"December). An enemy to fight or someone to live with, how COVID-19 is metaphorically described in Indonesian Media discourse","volume":"1","author":"Adam","year":"2020","journal-title":"2nd English Linguistics and Literature (ELLIT) National Seminar Proceedings"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2190\/TW.42.3.b","article-title":"Metaphors in the rhetoric of pandemic flu: Electronic media coverage of H1N1 and swine flu","volume":"42","author":"Angeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Technical Writing and Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, P. 2006. Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. Continuum.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350933996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0020","article-title":"The (In) Appropriateness of the WAR Metaphor in Response to SARS-CoV-2: A Rapid Analysis of Donald J. Trump\u2019s Rhetoric. Frontiers","volume":"5","author":"Bates","year":"2020","journal-title":"Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Construing the world: conceptual metaphors and event construals in news stories","volume":"9","author":"Bednarek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metaphorik de"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2012.05.006","article-title":"\u2018Value added\u2019: language, image and news values","volume":"1","author":"Bednarek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Discourse, Context & Media"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bednarek, M. and Caple, H. 2017. The Discourse of News Values: How News Organisations Create Newsworthiness. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190653934.001.0001"},{"issue":"9\/10","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSSP-05-2020-0163","article-title":"From metaphor to militarized response: the social implications of \u201cwe are at war with COVID-19\u201d\u2013crisis, disasters, and pandemics yet to come","volume":"40","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926506066345","article-title":"Britain as a container: Immigration metaphors in the 2005 election campaign","volume":"17","author":"Charteris-Black","year":"2006","journal-title":"Discourse & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0050","series-title":"Fire metaphors: Discourses of awe and authority","author":"Charteris-Black","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926507079631","article-title":"Conceptual metaphors for SARS: 'war' between whom?","volume":"18","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Discourse & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.020","article-title":"Conventional metaphors in longer passages evoke affective brain response","volume":"139","author":"Citron","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1367549420938403","article-title":"Pandemic and its metaphors: Sontag revisited in the COVID-19 era","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Cultural Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0070","series-title":"Cognitive Linguistics","author":"Croft","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0075","unstructured":"Davies, Mark. (2015) Hansard Corpus. Part of the SAMUELS project. Available online at https:\/\/www.hansard-corpus.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/10304312.2015.1117573","article-title":"Media conceptualizing illnesses\u2013the case of the flu","volume":"30","author":"Dobri\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.51698\/tripodos.2020.47p145-160","article-title":"Communicating COVID-19: Metaphors We \u201cSurvive\u201d By","volume":"2","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pedemonte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tr\u00edpodos"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2005.06.014","article-title":"Political discourse as mediated and public discourse","volume":"38","author":"Fetzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Pragmatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10926488.2018.1407992","article-title":"War metaphors in public discourse","volume":"33","author":"Flusberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metaphor and Symbol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0100","first-page":"42","article-title":"A cross-cultural discursive approach to news values in the press in the US, the UK and Italy: The case of the supreme court ruling on same-sex marriage","volume":"14","author":"Fruttaldo","year":"2017","journal-title":"ESP Across Cultures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0105","article-title":"Leading the Fight against the Pandemic: Does Gender really matter?","author":"Garikipati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Centre for Economics and Policy Research (COVID Economics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17521483.2020.1801950","article-title":"Ventilators, missiles, doctors, troops\u2026the justification of legislative responses to COVID-19 through military metaphors","author":"Gillis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Law and Humanities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13271","article-title":"Media framing of fighting COVID-19 in China","author":"Gui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociology of Health and Illness (Early View)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1075\/ijcl.17.3.04har","article-title":"CQPweb \u2013 combining power, flexibility and usability in a corpus analysis tool","volume":"17","author":"Hardie","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Corpus Linguistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926517734663","article-title":"\u2018Riots engulfed the city\u2019: An experimental study investigating the legitimating effects of fire metaphors in discourses of disorder","volume":"29","author":"Hart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Discourse & Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/10926488.2018.1549835","article-title":"Emotional Implications of Metaphor: Consequences of Metaphor Framing for Mindset about Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Hendricks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metaphor and Symbol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.063","article-title":"The \u2018Russian\u2019 influenza in the UK: Lessons learned, opportunities missed","volume":"29","author":"Honigsbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"10240","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31201-0","article-title":"Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics","volume":"395","author":"Honigsbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926510373988","article-title":"News discourses on distant suffering: a Critical Discourse Analysis of the 2003 SARS outbreak","volume":"21","author":"Joye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Discourse & Society."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/10926480802426787","article-title":"The dead parrot and the dying swan: The role of metaphor scenarios in UK press coverage of avian flu in the UK in 2005\u20132006","volume":"23","author":"Koteyko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metaphor and Symbol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547004273019","article-title":"Metaphors and biorisks: The war on infectious diseases and invasive species","volume":"26","author":"Larson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0160","series-title":"Corpus Approaches to Discourse: A Critical Review","first-page":"174","article-title":"Time boxes: epistemological, methodological and practical impact of diachronic segmentation","author":"Marchi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0165","series-title":"Methods of Critical Discourse Studies","first-page":"154","article-title":"Checks and balances: how corpus linguistics can contribute to CDA","author":"Mautner","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0170","series-title":"Corpus Linguistics and","author":"McEnery","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0175","first-page":"37","article-title":"\u2018Catch it, bin it, kill it\u2019. On the metaphorical conceptualisation of the 2009 swine flu pandemic in British media texts","volume":"24","author":"Mundwiler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metaphorik.de"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327868ms2101_2","article-title":"Metaphor scenarios in public discourse","volume":"21","author":"Musolff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metaphor and symbol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0185","series-title":"Historical cognitive linguistics","first-page":"70","article-title":"Metaphor in discourse history","author":"Musolff","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0190","series-title":"Political Metaphor Analysis: Discourse and scenarios","author":"Musolff","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1075\/msw.5.1.03naz","article-title":"Metaphor in language, discourse, and history: Gieldan and paien in the medieval English religious use of the MORAL ACCOUNTING metaphor","volume":"5","author":"Nazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metaphor and the Social World"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2007.00517.x","article-title":"Avian flu: The creation of expectations in the interplay between science and the media","volume":"29","author":"Nerlich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0205","first-page":"600","article-title":"Social representations of COVID-19 (Representaciones sociales del COVID-19)","volume":"35","author":"P\u00e1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0210","article-title":"Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and Practice in Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies","author":"Partington","year":"2013","journal-title":"John Benjamins."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(85)90042-5","article-title":"Pandemic and epidemic influenza, 1830\u20131848","volume":"21","author":"Patterson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0220","first-page":"219","article-title":"COVID-19 is not influenza","volume":"9","author":"Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10926480709336752","article-title":"MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse","volume":"22","author":"Pragglejaz Group","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metaphor and Symbol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.17576\/gema-2020-2003-15","article-title":"\u2018A Long Battle Ahead\u2019: Malaysian and Singaporean Prime Ministers Employ War Metaphors for COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Rajandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"GEMA Online\u00ae Journal of Language Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0235","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 and the metaphor of war","volume":"35","author":"Sabucedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X14522547","article-title":"Getting ahead of illness","volume":"35","author":"Scherer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Making"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1844989","article-title":"\u2018Not soldiers but fire-fighters\u2019 \u2013 Metaphors and Covid-19","volume":"36","author":"Semino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0250","first-page":"625","article-title":"An integrated approach to metaphor and framing in cognition, discourse, and practice, with an application to metaphors for cancer","volume":"39","author":"Semino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semino, E., Z. Demjen, A. Hardie, S. Payne & P. Rayson. 2018. Metaphor, Cancer and the End of Life. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315629834"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.094","article-title":"The need for interdisciplinary studies of historic pandemics","volume":"29","author":"Simonsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0265","series-title":"Illness as Metaphor","author":"Sontag","year":"1979"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926521992156","article-title":"Metaphors of migration over time","volume":"32","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discourse & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16782","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016782","article-title":"Metaphors we think with: The role of metaphor in reasoning","volume":"6","author":"Thibodeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.17157\/mat.7.2.806","article-title":"Beyond the military metaphor: Comparing antimicrobial resistance and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","volume":"7","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine Anthropology Theory"},{"issue":"2629\u20132639","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0285","first-page":"2005","article-title":"Disease Metaphors in New Epidemics: The UK Media Framing of the 2003 SARS Epidemic","volume":"60","author":"Wallis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0290","unstructured":"WHO. 2004. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/SARS\/country\/table2004_04_21\/en\/ [accessed 20 October 2020]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0295","unstructured":"WHO. 2010. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 112 https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/2010_08_06\/en\/ [accessed 20 October 2020]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0300","unstructured":"WHO. 2012 H5N1 influenza https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/q-a-detail\/h5n1-influenza [accessed 20 October 2020]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0305","unstructured":"WHO. 2018. WHO MERS Global Summary and Assessment of Risk. August 2018 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-mers-cov-global-summary-and-risk-assessment---august-2018 [accessed 20 October 2020]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wicke, P. and Bolognesi, M.M. 2020. Framing COVID-19: How we conceptualize and discuss the pandemic on Twitter. arXiv [preprint arXiv:2004.06986]","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/1750481318817624","article-title":"\u2018Bisexual oysters\u2019: A diachronic corpus-based critical discourse analysis of bisexual representation in The Times between 1957 and 2017","volume":"13","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discourse & Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503_b0320","first-page":"100","article-title":"An Analysis of Metaphors and Frames in Official Media Reports of Public Health Emergencies","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Fujian Normal University"}],"container-title":["Discourse, Context &amp; Media"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211695821000398?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211695821000398?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:53:54Z","timestamp":1761933234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211695821000398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S2211695821000398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-6958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-6958","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Flu-like pandemics and metaphor pre-covid: A corpus investigation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Discourse, Context & Media","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100503","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100503"}}