{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:03:57Z","timestamp":1791644637897,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007707","name":"University of California, Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T22:32:09Z","timestamp":1746138729000},"page":"101564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Neurocognitive risks of asthma during childhood"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Christopher-Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Ghetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.07.002","article-title":"Asthma: a clinical condition for brain health","volume":"248","author":"Alb\u00e9ri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-022-09547-2","article-title":"Relationships Among Structural Neuroimaging and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"Aleksonis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01874830","article-title":"Neuropsychological dysfunction in asthmatic children","volume":"4","author":"Annett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1405","article-title":"Impact of Early Diabetic Ketoacidosis on the Developing Brain","volume":"42","author":"Aye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020169","article-title":"Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by Inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Bantul\u00e0","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.07.002","article-title":"Time course of hippocampal IL-1 \u03b2 and memory consolidation impairments in aging rats following peripheral infection","volume":"23","author":"Barrientos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain, Behav., Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.03.007","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the normal aging hippocampus","volume":"309","author":"Barrientos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib8","article-title":"Cognition, symptom perception, and medication non-adherence in older adults with asthma","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Asthma 0, 1\u201314"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198811000-00010","article-title":"Mood and Memory Changes in Asthmatic Children Receiving Corticosteroids","volume":"27","author":"Bender","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23498","article-title":"Asthma in adolescence: Is there any news?","volume":"52","author":"de Benedictis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.12.025","article-title":"Stress sensitivity and resilience in the chronic mild stress rat model of depression; an in situ hybridization study","volume":"1196","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2005.00376.x","article-title":"Memory functions in prednisone-treated kidney transplant patients","volume":"19","author":"Bermond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25946","article-title":"White Matter Integrity Disruptions Correlate With Cognitive Impairments in Asthma","volume":"48","author":"Bian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib14","article-title":"Brain damage from asthma in children","volume":"55","author":"Bierman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib15","first-page":"146","article-title":"The Adolescent with Asthma","volume":"15","author":"Bitsko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/01.DBP.0000267557.80834.e5","article-title":"Developmental and behavioral comorbidities of asthma in children","volume":"28","author":"Blackman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0903SO","article-title":"Systematic Literature Review of Systemic Corticosteroid Use for Asthma Management","volume":"201","author":"Bleecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02130-2018","article-title":"Changing prevalence of current asthma and inhaled corticosteroid treatment in the UK: population-based cohort 2006\u20132016","volume":"53","author":"Bloom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.10.006","article-title":"The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies","volume":"195","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2016.1150184","article-title":"Assessment of Neurocognitive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Obesity","volume":"6","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol.: Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.10.028","article-title":"Structural Brain Alterations and Their Associations With Function in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"39","author":"Brossard-Racine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol., Theme Issue.: Cardiovasc. Dis. Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04981.x","article-title":"Effects of Glucocorticoids on Mood, Memory, and the Hippocampus","volume":"1179","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib23","first-page":"17","article-title":"Mood and Cognitive Changes During Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy","volume":"03","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.09.010","article-title":"Hippocampal volume, spectroscopy, cognition, and mood in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.004","article-title":"Effects of chronic prednisone therapy on mood and memory","volume":"99","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib26","first-page":"806","article-title":"Blunted Cortisol Responses to Psychosocial Stress in Asthmatic Children: A General Feature of Atopic Disease?","volume":"65","author":"Buske-Kirschbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib27","series-title":"Chemical Immunology and Allergy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000336495","article-title":"The Brain and Asthma: What Are the Linkages?","author":"Busse","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12125","article-title":"Relationship between asthma and cognition: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study","volume":"68","author":"Caldera-Alvarado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30055-0","article-title":"The effect of type 1 diabetes on the developing brain","volume":"3","author":"Cameron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577450","article-title":"Peri-adolescent asthma: Acute impacts on innate immune response, corticosterone, and microglia in mice","volume":"350","author":"Caulfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib31","unstructured":"CDC, 2024. Most Recent National Asthma Data | CDC [WWW Document]. URL \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/asthma\/most_recent_national_asthma_data.htm\u3009 (accessed 5.20.24)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib32","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020. 2019 National Health Interview Survey data."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib33","series-title":"in: Handbook of Clinical Neurology","first-page":"229","article-title":"Imaging studies of the HIV-infected brain","author":"Chang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08830-5","article-title":"External Environmental Pollution as a Risk Factor for Asthma","volume":"62","author":"Chatkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allerg. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.03.009","article-title":"Stress and inflammation in exacerbations of asthma","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain, Behav., Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5446","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25634","article-title":"Cannabis use impacts pre-stimulus neural activity in the visual cortices of people with HIV","volume":"42","author":"Christopher-Hayes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.42803","article-title":"Asthma and Memory Function in Children","volume":"7","author":"Christopher-Hayes","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib38","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Corticosteroid-related central nervous system side effects","volume":"4","author":"Ciriaco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118355109","article-title":"Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk","volume":"109","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000042","article-title":"Neurocognitive deficits in children with chronic health conditions","volume":"72","author":"Compas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8278","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2121-07.2007","article-title":"Chronic Glucocorticoids Increase Hippocampal Vulnerability to Neurotoxicity under Conditions That Produce CA3 Dendritic Retraction But Fail to Impair Spatial Recognition Memory","volume":"27","author":"Conrad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108001","article-title":"Effects of ambient fine particulates, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone on maturation of functional brain networks across early adolescence","volume":"177","author":"Cotter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00576-x","article-title":"Exposure to multiple ambient air pollutants changes white matter microstructure during early adolescence with sex-specific differences","volume":"4","author":"Cotter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9903077","article-title":"Respiratory-related Evoked Potentials in Children with Life-threatening Asthma","volume":"161","author":"Davenport","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.48.2.214","article-title":"Neuropsychological correlates of severe asthma in children 9-14 years old","volume":"48","author":"Dunleavy","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Consult Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duvernoy, H., 2005. The Human Hippocampus: Functional Anatomy, Vascularization and Serial Sections with MRI.","DOI":"10.1007\/b138576"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.036","article-title":"On the Integration of Space, Time, and Memory","volume":"95","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eichenbaum, H., Cohen, N.J., 2004. From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195178043.001.0001.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195178043.001.0001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22750","article-title":"Space, time, and episodic memory: The hippocampus is all over the cognitive map","volume":"28","author":"Ekstrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib50","article-title":"The impact of type 1 diabetes on neural activity serving attention","author":"Embury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-8-61","article-title":"Impaired cortical processing of inspiratory loads in children with chronic respiratory defects","volume":"8","author":"Fauroux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197301000-00008","article-title":"Degeneration of white matter in hypoxia, acidosis and edema","volume":"32","author":"Feigin","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00219-5","article-title":"Hydrocortisone induced regional cerebral activity changes in schizophrenia: a PET scan study","volume":"56","author":"Ganguli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-060320-085634","article-title":"Neural Development of Memory and Metamemory in Childhood and Adolescence: Toward an Integrative Model of the Development of Episodic Recollection","volume":"2","author":"Ghetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.07.054","article-title":"Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Memory Dysfunction in Children with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"156","author":"Ghetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0187","article-title":"Cognitive Function Following Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children With New-Onset or Previously Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Ghetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.412","article-title":"Cognitive function following diabetic ketoacidosis in young children with type 1 diabetes","author":"Ghetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.09.012","article-title":"Effects of stressors in adolescence on learning and memory in rodent models","volume":"64","author":"Green","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. Behav., Puberty Adolesc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.04.008","article-title":"Chronic asthma results in cognitive dysfunction in immature mice","volume":"247","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813491828","article-title":"Cognitive Outcomes Following Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Infants and Children","volume":"29","author":"Hajek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318200d727","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study","volume":"75","author":"Heaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00332","article-title":"Outdoor Air Pollution and Brain Structure and Function From Across Childhood to Young Adulthood: A Methodological Review of Brain MRI Studies","volume":"7","author":"Herting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121602","article-title":"Association between Asthma and Suicidality in 9\u201312-Year-Old Youths","volume":"12","author":"Hoffman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2791","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2791","article-title":"Air pollution and family related determinants of asthma onset and persistent wheezing in children: nationwide case-control study","author":"Holst","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ 370"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib65","series-title":"Handbook of Medical Neuropsychology: Applications of Cognitive Neuroscience","first-page":"129","article-title":"Respiratory Disorders: Effects on Neurocognitive and Brain Function","author":"Hopkins","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib66","article-title":"Asthma and cognitive dysfunction in older adults: the mediating role of systemic immune-inflammation index","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.09.019","article-title":"Chronic glucocorticoids exposure enhances neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus via NLRP-1 inflammasome activation in male mice","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain, Behav., Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001736","article-title":"Altered spontaneous brain activity in patients with asthma: a resting-state functional MRI study using regional homogeneity analysis","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2017.1288802","article-title":"Is asthma associated with cognitive impairments? A meta-analytic review","volume":"39","author":"Irani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.05.023","article-title":"The Prevalence of DSM-IV Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Youth with Asthma Compared with Controls","volume":"41","author":"Katon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6.1396","article-title":"The effect on memory of chronic prednisone treatment in patients with systemic disease","volume":"47","author":"Keenan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib72","first-page":"269","article-title":"Brain Corticosteroid Receptor Balance in Health and Disease","volume":"19","author":"de Kloet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105063","article-title":"Asthma, the central nervous system, and neurocognition: Current findings, potential mechanisms, and treatment implications","volume":"146","author":"Kroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.04.012","article-title":"Hippocampal metabolites in asthma and their implications for cognitive function","volume":"19","author":"Kroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.04.012","article-title":"Hippocampal metabolites in asthma and their implications for cognitive function","volume":"19","author":"Kroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13446","article-title":"Cortisol awakening response and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthma","volume":"49","author":"Kroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.02.008","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a child with bronchial asthma","volume":"28","author":"Kurahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib78","first-page":"25","article-title":"Psychological, social and school implications of asthma: A comparison of Belgian French-speaking children having asthma with healthy children","volume":"67","author":"Lahaye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta. Clin. Belg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.5.2102115","article-title":"Role of Serum Cortisol Levels in Children with Asthma","volume":"165","author":"Landstra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.09.005","article-title":"Adolescence as a neurobiological critical period for the development of higher-order cognition","volume":"94","author":"Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib81","first-page":"3251","article-title":"Cortisol reduces hippocampal glucose metabolism in normal elderly, but not in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"82","author":"de Leon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20120685","article-title":"Impact of psychosocial stress on airway inflammation and its mechanism in a murine model of allergic asthma","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20120685","article-title":"Impact of psychosocial stress on airway inflammation and its mechanism in a murine model of allergic asthma","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01238-z","article-title":"Functional Two-Way Crosstalk Between Brain and Lung: The Brain\u2013Lung Axis","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001087","article-title":"Alterations of resting-state functional network centrality in patients with asthma: evidence from a voxel-wise degree centrality analysis","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0745-1","article-title":"Cerebral regional and network characteristics in asthma patients: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.142","article-title":"Neurocognitive correlates of obesity and obesity-related behaviors in children and adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib88","unstructured":"Lizzo, J.M., Goldin, J., Cortes, S., 2025. Pediatric Asthma, in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae008","article-title":"The Glucocorticoid Receptor: Isoforms, Functions, and Contribution to Glucocorticoid Sensitivity","volume":"45","author":"Lockett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3109\/02770901003801964","article-title":"Effects of Stress in Early Life on Immune Functions in Rats With Asthma and the Effects of Music Therapy","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/10253899709014735","article-title":"Steroid Hormone Modulation of Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Memory","volume":"2","author":"Lunine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.3.420","article-title":"Working memory is more sensitive than declarative memory to the acute effects of corticosteroids: a dose-response study in humans","volume":"113","author":"Lupien","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2013.09.006","article-title":"Steroids and Injury to the Developing Brain","volume":"41","author":"Malaeb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210517112913","article-title":"Glucocorticosteroids Effects on Brain Development in the Preterm Infant: A Role for Microglia?","volume":"19","author":"Manuela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200112000-00011","article-title":"Behavioral adjustment in children with asthma: A meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"McQuaid","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib96","article-title":"Association between use of systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids and changes in brain volume and white matter microstructure: a cross-sectional study using data from the UK Biobank","volume":"12","author":"Meulen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib97","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in asthma","volume":"85","author":"Michaeloudes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med., Mol. Asp. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.12.019","article-title":"Parental support and cytokine activity in childhood asthma: The role of glucocorticoid sensitivity","volume":"123","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840516641190","article-title":"Prevalence and Costs of Five Chronic Conditions in Children","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sch. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490515450","article-title":"Compromised Arterial Oxygen Saturation in Elderly Asthma Sufferers Results in Selective Cognitive Impairment","volume":"27","author":"Moss","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25481","article-title":"Frequency and Risk Factors of Acute Kidney Injury During Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Association With Neurocognitive Outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Myers","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib102","article-title":"Asthma amplifies dementia risk: Evidence from CSF biomarkers and cognitive decline","volume":"8","author":"Nair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019S. Dement.: Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad180","article-title":"Impact of asthma on the brain: evidence from diffusion MRI, CSF biomarkers and cognitive decline","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/0300443032000178645","article-title":"Investigating the effects of asthma medication on the cognitive and psychosocial functioning of primary school children with asthma","volume":"173","author":"Naud\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Early Child Dev. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02047.1994","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced impairment in declarative memory performance in adult humans","volume":"14","author":"Newcomer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.6.527","article-title":"Decreased Memory Performance in Healthy Humans Induced by Stress-Level Cortisol Treatment","volume":"56","author":"Newcomer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001120","article-title":"The Relationship Between Cumulative Exogenous Corticosteroid Exposure and Volumes of Hippocampal Subfields and Surrounding Structures","volume":"39","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2023.101275","article-title":"Premature white matter microstructure in female children with a history of concussion","volume":"62","author":"Nishat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-016-0029-3","article-title":"Asthma costs and social impact","volume":"3","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asthma Res. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-016-0029-3","article-title":"Asthma costs and social impact","volume":"3","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asthma Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac058","article-title":"In vivo quantitative imaging of hippocampal inflammation in autoimmune neuroinflammatory conditions: a systematic review","volume":"210","author":"Nwaubani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.09.015","article-title":"Different mechanisms of hypoxic injury on white matter and gray matter as revealed by dynamic changes in glucose metabolism in rats","volume":"353","author":"Omata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"8743","key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib113","first-page":"717","article-title":"One explanation of the asthma paradox: inhibition of natural anti-inflammatory mechanism by \u03b22-agonists","volume":"337","author":"Page","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet, Orig. Publ. Vol. 1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.03.002","article-title":"Chronic Stress and Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance in Asthma","volume":"42","author":"Palumbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33311-1","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"391","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101436","article-title":"Clearing the air: A systematic review of studies on air pollution and childhood brain outcomes to mobilize policy change","volume":"69","author":"Parenteau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2010.09.006","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging in adults with asthma","volume":"32","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7005a1","article-title":"Asthma Surveillance \u2014 United States, 2006\u20132018","volume":"70","author":"Pate","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107275","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and noise during pregnancy and childhood, and functional brain connectivity in preadolescents","volume":"164","author":"P\u00e9rez-Crespo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09405-8","article-title":"Corticosteroids and Cognition: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Prado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.036","article-title":"Traffic pollution exposure is associated with altered brain connectivity in school children","volume":"129","author":"Pujol","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02542.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of declarative memory retrieval is associated with reduced blood flow in the medial temporal lobe","volume":"17","author":"de Quervain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.10.010","article-title":"Asthma and Corticosteroid Responses in Childhood and Adult Asthma","volume":"40","author":"Ramadan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.08.002","article-title":"Corticosteroids-Mechanisms of Action in Health and Disease","volume":"42","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3338","article-title":"Two cortical systems for memory-guided behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Ranganath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.680815","article-title":"Allergic Asthma-Induced Cognitive Impairment is Alleviated by Dexamethasone","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00188-3","article-title":"Subcortical gray matter volumes in asthma: associations with asthma duration, control, and anxiety","volume":"14","author":"Ritz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14513","article-title":"fMRI BOLD responses to film stimuli and their association with exhaled nitric oxide in asthma and health","volume":"61","author":"Ritz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000421","article-title":"Evidence establishing a link between prenatal and early-life stress and asthma development","volume":"18","author":"Rosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib130","first-page":"972","article-title":"Affective neural circuitry and mind\u2013body influences in asthma","volume":"47","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage, Brain Body Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13319","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504365102","article-title":"Neural circuitry underlying the interaction between emotion and asthma symptom exacerbation","volume":"102","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040921","article-title":"Are There Neurophenotypes for Asthma? Functional Brain Imaging of the Interaction between Emotion and Inflammation in Asthma","volume":"7","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.09.010","article-title":"Neuroimaging and biomarker evidence of neurodegeneration in asthma","volume":"149","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205011310050011","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a population based CAIDE study","volume":"10","author":"Rusanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02715-X","article-title":"The role of acute and chronic stress in asthma attacks in children","volume":"356","author":"Sandberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-05-01222.1985","article-title":"Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implications for aging","volume":"5","author":"Sapolsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1159\/000501617","article-title":"Systemic and Local Corticosteroid Use Is Associated with Reduced Executive Cognition, and Mood and Anxiety Disorders","volume":"110","author":"Savas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2021.10.014","article-title":"Relationships Between Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"34","author":"Schmithorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0533-x","article-title":"Neurocognitive Outcomes in Pediatric Diabetes: a Developmental Perspective","volume":"14","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib140","first-page":"CD002886","article-title":"Corticosteroids for hospitalised children with acute asthma","volume":"2003","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000367849","article-title":"Glucocorticoids Increase Excitotoxic Injury and Inflammation in the Hippocampus of Adult Male Rats","volume":"100","author":"Sorrells","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-019-0149-3","article-title":"A systematic review of psychological, physical health factors, and quality of life in adult asthma","volume":"29","author":"Stanescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Prim. Care Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3109\/02770908609073175","article-title":"Mnemonic Effects of Asthma Medication in Children","volume":"23","author":"Suess","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101538","article-title":"Air pollution and cortical myelin T1w\/T2w ratio estimates in school-age children from the ABCD and NeuroSmog studies","volume":"73","author":"Szwed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00793","article-title":"Poor executive functions among children with moderate-into-severe asthma: Evidence from WCST performance","volume":"8","author":"Taha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib146","article-title":"Verbal and visual memory performances of children with moderate-into-severe asthma","author":"Taha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.08.054","article-title":"Neonatal anoxia in rats: Hippocampal cellular and subcellular changes related to cell death and spatial memory","volume":"284","author":"Takada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01033","article-title":"The Neurocognitive Performance of Visuospatial Attention in Children with Obesity","volume":"7","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib149","unstructured":"Tulving, E., 1972. Episodic and semantic memory, in: Organization of Memory. Academic Press, Oxford, England, pp. xiii, 423\u2013xiii, 423."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1994.1030","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of Glucocorticoids in the Primate Brain","volume":"28","author":"Uno","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120175","article-title":"Neuroscience and treatment of asthma, new therapeutic strategies and future aspects","volume":"292","author":"Vafaee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200902-0300OC","article-title":"Down-Regulation of Insular Cortex Responses to Dyspnea and Pain in Asthma","volume":"180","author":"von Leupoldt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200902-0300OC","article-title":"Down-Regulation of Insular Cortex Responses to Dyspnea and Pain in Asthma","volume":"180","author":"von Leupoldt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023739","article-title":"Structural Brain Changes Related to Disease Duration in Patients with Asthma","volume":"6","author":"von Leupoldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.07.007","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptors and \u03b2-adrenoceptors in basolateral amygdala modulate synaptic plasticity in hippocampal dentate gyrus, but not in area CA1","volume":"52","author":"Vouimba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropharmacol., LTP: Forty Unforgettable Years. A Festschr. Honour Profr. Tim. Bliss FRS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1065942","article-title":"Asthma\u2019s effect on brain connectivity and cognitive decline","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib157","article-title":"Functional connectivity alterations in the thalamus among patients with bronchial asthma","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib158","article-title":"Brain response in asthma: The role of \u201clung-brain\u201d axis mediated by neuroimmune crosstalk","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2678","article-title":"Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches","volume":"18","author":"Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.10.1297","article-title":"Cognitive effects of corticosteroids","volume":"147","author":"Wolkowitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071091","article-title":"Asthma: The Use of Animal Models and Their Translational Utility","volume":"12","author":"Woodrow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.06.005","article-title":"Inhaled budesonide protects against chronic asthma-induced neuroinflammation in mouse brain","volume":"273","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2016.1161050","article-title":"Altered intrinsic regional brain activity in female asthmatics with or without depressive symptoms: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"53","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130051057","article-title":"The effects of chronic administration of hydrocortisone on cognitive function in normal male volunteers","volume":"145","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900801990016","article-title":"Attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms in children with asthma","volume":"45","author":"Yuksel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0535","article-title":"Early-Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Childhood Asthma Cumulative Incidence in the ECHO CREW Consortium","volume":"7","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib167","first-page":"292","article-title":"Asthma-Specific Temporal Variability Reveals the Effect of Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Asthmatic Patients","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10250","article-title":"Brain network study of attentional cognitive impairment in children with bronchial asthma","volume":"83","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.09.006","article-title":"Chronic asthma-induced behavioral and hippocampal neuronal morphological changes are concurrent with BDNF, cofilin1 and Cdc42\/RhoA alterations in immature mice","volume":"143","author":"Zhuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."}],"container-title":["Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878929325000593?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878929325000593?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T08:12:16Z","timestamp":1749629536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878929325000593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":169,"alternative-id":["S1878929325000593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-9293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-9293","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neurocognitive risks of asthma during childhood","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101564","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101564"}}