{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T20:30:45Z","timestamp":1784752245399,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatologic Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,27]],"date-time":"2007-07-27T10:30:02Z","timestamp":1185532202000},"page":"419-430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pigmentary Disorders in Latin America"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Falabella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib1","series-title":"Vitiligo","first-page":"97","article-title":"The psychological effects of vitiligo: response to impaired appearance","author":"Porter","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)91282-7","article-title":"An epidemiologic case-control study in a population with vitiligo","volume":"33","author":"Barona","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1971.04000240016002","article-title":"Epidermal grafting. An original technique and its application in achromic and granulating areas","volume":"104","author":"Falabella","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1984.tb01199.x","article-title":"Repigmentation of leukoderma by autologous epidermal grafting","volume":"10","author":"Falabella","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(83)70162-3","article-title":"Repigmentation of segmental vitiligo by autologous minigrafting","volume":"9","author":"Falabella","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670110009002","article-title":"Treatment of localized vitiligo by autologous minigrafting","volume":"124","author":"Falabella","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70170-5","article-title":"Transplantation of in vitro-cultured epidermis bearing melanocytes for repigmenting vitiligo","volume":"21","author":"Falabella","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70032-B","article-title":"Treatment of refractory and stable vitiligo by transplantation of in vitro cultured epidermal autografts bearing melanocytes","volume":"26","author":"Falabella","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70003-6","article-title":"On the pathogenesis of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis","volume":"16","author":"Falabella","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01630.x","article-title":"HLA-DQ3 is associated with idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, whereas HLA-DR8 is not, in a group of renal transplant patients","volume":"41","author":"Arrunategui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70273-K","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis with liquid nitrogen: light and electron microscopic studies","volume":"23","author":"Ploysangam","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00701.x","article-title":"3-5 second cryotherapy is effective in idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis","volume":"31","author":"Kumarasinghe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.99186-8.x","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis by localized superficial dermabrasion","volume":"25","author":"Hexsel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70071-7","article-title":"Leukoderma punctata","volume":"18","author":"Falabella","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.01842.x","article-title":"Case of leukoderma punctata after topical PUVA treatment","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06634.x","article-title":"Confetti-like lesions with hyperkeratosis: a novel ultraviolet-induced hypomelanotic disorder?","volume":"153","author":"Loquai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib17","first-page":"880","article-title":"Progressive macular confluent hypomelanosis in mixed ethnic melanodermic subjects: an epidemiologic study of 511 patients","volume":"121","author":"Lesueur","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.2.210","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes and the pathogenesis of progressive macular hypomelanosis","volume":"140","author":"Westerhof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02755.x","article-title":"Progressive macular hypomelanosis in Singapore: a clinico-pathological study","volume":"45","author":"Kumarasinghe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib20","first-page":"463","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study on pityriasis alba","volume":"82","author":"Martin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bol Asoc Med P R"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1983.tb04582.x","article-title":"Extensive pityriasis alba: a histological histochemical and ultrastructural study","volume":"108","author":"Zaynoun","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000017884","article-title":"An unusual hypopigmentation in occupational dermatology: presentation of a case and review of the literature","volume":"196","author":"Iliev","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pesticides as a cause of occupational skin diseases in farmers","volume":"8","author":"Spiewak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06233.x","article-title":"Leukoderma following occupational allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib25","series-title":"Atlas of cutaneous surgery","first-page":"175","article-title":"Surgical techniques for repigmentation","author":"Falabella","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70209-1","article-title":"Perilesional linear atrophy and hypopigmentation after intralesional corticosteroid therapy. Report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1984.01650420018007","article-title":"Linear hypopigmentation after intra-articular corticosteroid injection","volume":"120","author":"McCormack","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1992.tb00180.x","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma presenting with vitiligo-like depigmentation and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"De Villiers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1085-5629(97)80034-X","article-title":"Orozco-Covarrubias ML postinflammatory hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation","volume":"16","author":"Ruiz-Maldonado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib30","first-page":"69","article-title":"Yeasts of the genus Malassezia: taxonomic classification and significance in (veterinary and) clinical medicine","volume":"43","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib31","first-page":"581","article-title":"Pityriasis versicolor in children: a retrospective study of 164 cases","volume":"125","author":"Bouassida","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib32","first-page":"163","article-title":"Indeterminate leprosy: a therapeutic evaluation","volume":"64","author":"Kar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib33","first-page":"189","article-title":"Hypopigmented macules in leprosy, a histopathological and histochemical study of melanocytes","volume":"64","author":"Shereef","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib34","first-page":"311","article-title":"Chemotherapy trial in paucibacillary leprosy using clofazimine","volume":"71","author":"Katoch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200102040-00001","article-title":"Leprosy. Recognition and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Ramos-e-Silva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(09)80094-7","article-title":"Nonvenereal treponematoses: yaws, endemic syphilis and pinta","volume":"31","author":"Falabella","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200102040-00002","article-title":"Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options","volume":"2","author":"Levin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/10408449991349221","article-title":"The toxicology of hydroquinone\u2013relevance to occupational and environmental exposure","volume":"29","author":"DeCaprio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2005.01.001","article-title":"Melanin pigmentary disorders: treatment update","volume":"23","author":"Ortonne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib40","first-page":"23","article-title":"Exogenous ochronosis","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"1992","journal-title":"P R Health Sci J"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib41","first-page":"757","article-title":"Granulomatous ochronosis\u2014a cosmetic-induced skin disorder in blacks","volume":"56","author":"Dogliotti","year":"1979","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2004.30177.x","article-title":"Treatment of exogenous ochronosis with a Q-switched alexandrite (755 nm) laser","volume":"30","author":"Bellew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(00)90257-3","article-title":"Exogenous ochronosis","volume":"42","author":"Kramer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib44","first-page":"177","article-title":"Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation","volume":"105","author":"Degos","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)00745-X","article-title":"Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation: a case of 21 years' duration","volume":"49","author":"Mehta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.103642","article-title":"Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation: report of 10 cases","volume":"44","author":"Jang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1996.tb01237.x","article-title":"Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation: report of five patients","volume":"13","author":"Sanz de Galdeano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1998.tb02495.x","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans: report of a new case and critical review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Combemale","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib49","first-page":"623","article-title":"[Dermatosis cenicienta. A clinico-pathological study of 20 patients (1989\u20131990)]","volume":"128","author":"Dominguez Soto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2005.01203.x","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans in children: a report of 14 cases","volume":"19","author":"Torrelo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib51","first-page":"407","article-title":"[Ashy dermatosis (erithema dyschromicum perstans): prospective study of 23 patients]","volume":"16","author":"Navarro Jimenez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib52","first-page":"11","article-title":"[Erythema cinitiensis perstans]","volume":"8","author":"Sittart","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70099-2","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans, immunopathologic studies","volume":"20","author":"Miyagawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02893.x","article-title":"Immunopathologic study of erythema dyschromicum perstans (ashy dermatosis)","volume":"45","author":"Vasquez-Ochoa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(80)80041-7","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans","volume":"2","author":"Tschen","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03244.x","article-title":"Ashy dermatosis and lichen planus pigmentosus: a clinicopathologic study of 31 cases","volume":"31","author":"Vega","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01484.x","article-title":"Cutaneous hyperpigmentation induced by omeprazole mimicking ashy dermatosis","volume":"20","author":"Ramirez-Hernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1989.tb02466.x","article-title":"Clinical trial with clofazimine for treating erythema dyschromicum perstans. Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity","volume":"28","author":"Piquero-Martin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.01984.x","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans: response to dapsone therapy","volume":"43","author":"Bahadir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib60","first-page":"796","article-title":"Erythema dyschromicum perstans: response to\u00a0dapsone therapy","volume":"37","author":"Kontochristopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00562.x","article-title":"Melanocyte-stimulating properties of arachidonic acid metabolites: possible role in postinflammatory pigmentation","volume":"5","author":"Tomita","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12398276","article-title":"The degrees of UVB-Induced erythema and pigmentation correlate linearly and are reduced in a parallel manner by topical anti-Inflammatory agents","volume":"103","author":"Takiwaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Dermatologic Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733863507000459?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733863507000459?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]],"date-time":"2019-01-05T15:21:21Z","timestamp":1546701681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733863507000459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733863507000459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8635"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8635","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]}}}