{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T19:44:27Z","timestamp":1778528667723,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatologic Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T20:53:32Z","timestamp":1729371212000},"page":"67-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Canvas of Contemporary Insights into Clinical Vitiligo"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Mokhtari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Redina","family":"Bardhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iltefat","family":"Hamzavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.2162","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of diagnosed vitiligo according to race and ethnicity, age, and sex in the US","volume":"159","author":"Mastacouris","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05377.x","article-title":"A\u00a0review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children\/adolescents and adults","volume":"51","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19447","article-title":"Vitiligo patient population and disease burden in France: VIOLIN study results from the CONSTANCES cohort","volume":"37","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754231223699","article-title":"Real-world experience of vitiligo patients: a retrospective chart review","volume":"28","author":"Obeng-Asumeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.4724","article-title":"Prevalence of vitiligo among adults in the United States","volume":"158","author":"Gandhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib6","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of vitiligo in Africa, the Middle East and Latin America","volume":"4","author":"Al","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2023.100199","article-title":"Diagnosed prevalence and incidence of vitiligo in the United States: analysis of employer-sponsored insurance claims","volume":"3","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"JID Innov"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2016.11.013","article-title":"Genetics of vitiligo","volume":"35","author":"Spritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.06.004","article-title":"The genetic basis of vitiligo","volume":"141","author":"Spritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/381134","article-title":"Novel vitiligo susceptibility loci on chromosomes 7 (AIS2) and 8 (AIS3), confirmation of SLEV1 on chromosome 17, and their roles in an autoimmune diathesis","volume":"74","author":"Spritz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.603","article-title":"Genome-wide association study for vitiligo identifies susceptibility loci at 6q27 and the MHC","volume":"42","author":"Quan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.542275","article-title":"Validation of susceptibility loci for vitiligo identified by GWAS in the Chinese han population","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19451","article-title":"Worldwide expert recommendations for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo: position statement from the international vitiligo task force part 1: towards a new management algorithm","volume":"37","author":"van Geel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad365","article-title":"Dermoscopy in vitiligo, diagnostic clues and markers of disease activity: a review of the literature","volume":"365","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.6.677","article-title":"Parametric modeling of narrowband UV-B phototherapy for vitiligo using a novel quantitative tool: the vitiligo area scoring index","volume":"140","author":"Hamzavi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13531","article-title":"Vitiligo assessment methods - vitiligo area scoring index and vitiligo european task force assessment","volume":"172","author":"Kohli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02608-3","article-title":"Implementation of the vitiligo area scoring index in clinical studies of patients with vitiligo: a scoping review","volume":"315","author":"Ceresnie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S324073","article-title":"Reliability, validity and feasibility of the vitiligo extent score (VES) and self-assessment vitiligo extent score (SA-VES) among vitiligo patients: a cross-cultural validation","volume":"14","author":"Chaweekulrat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.10.055","article-title":"Standardizing serial photography for assessing and monitoring vitiligo: a core set of international recommendations for essential clinical and technical specifications","volume":"83","author":"van Geel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib20","first-page":"912","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging techniques for monitoring cellular response to treatment in stable vitiligo","author":"Shiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.063","article-title":"Comorbid autoimmune diseases in patients with vitiligo: a cross-sectional study","volume":"74","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00026-4","article-title":"Estimating the burden of vitiligo: a systematic review and modelling study","volume":"9","author":"Akl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02771-7","article-title":"Psychological comorbidities of vitiligo: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis in an urban population","volume":"316","author":"Montgomery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/120347541201600510","article-title":"Public perceptions and attitudes toward vitiligo","volume":"16","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13998","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of assessment of serum zinc levels in patients with vitiligo: a patient controlled prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Zaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2017.1357797","article-title":"Selenium, zinc, copper, Cu\/Zn ratio and total antioxidant status in the serum of vitiligo patients treated by narrow-band ultraviolet-B phototherapy","volume":"29","author":"Wacewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dermatol Treat"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib27","article-title":"Diet and vitiligo: the story so far","volume":"14","author":"Dutta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.986918","article-title":"Advances in vitiligo: update on therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15743","article-title":"Vitiligo: a focus on pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications","volume":"48","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib30","first-page":"1309","article-title":"Therapeutic management of vitiligo","volume":"16","author":"Bleuel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118828","article-title":"Two phase 3, randomized, controlled trials of ruxolitinib cream for vitiligo","volume":"387","author":"Rosmarin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/14728214.2020.1712358","article-title":"Emerging drugs for the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"25","author":"Karagaiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expet Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14770","article-title":"Biologic and targeted therapeutics in vitiligo","volume":"22","author":"Karagaiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14435","article-title":"Vitiligo: an update on systemic treatments","volume":"46","author":"Searle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00752-6","article-title":"Vitiligo treatments: review of current therapeutic modalities and JAK inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Cunningham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000328319","article-title":"At-home laser and light-based devices","volume":"42","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12766","article-title":"The effectiveness of home-based phototherapy for vitiligo: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Ashraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084812","article-title":"Surgical treatment of vitiligo","volume":"19","author":"Fr\u0105czek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16316","article-title":"Surgical procedures and innovative approaches for vitiligo regenerative treatment and melanocytorrhagy","volume":"49","author":"Kawakami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14924","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study to assess the efficacy of various surgical modalities in treatment of stable vitiligo patches over resistant sites","volume":"59","author":"Dalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.5756","article-title":"Surgical interventions for patients with vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.056","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing autologous noncultured melanocyte-keratinocyte transplantation for vitiligo and other leukodermas","volume":"77","author":"Silpa-Archa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02777-7","article-title":"Autologous skin cell suspension for full-thickness skin defect reconstruction: current evidence and health economic expectations","volume":"41","author":"Kahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18005","article-title":"The use of lasers in vitiligo, an overview","volume":"36","author":"Post","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.03.015","article-title":"Consensus on the safety and risks of laser and intense pulse light treatments in patients with vitiligo: an e-Delphi study","volume":"89","author":"Post","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02678-3","article-title":"Lack of diversity in vitiligo clinical trials: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"315","author":"Hernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00826.x","article-title":"Frontiers and controversies in the pathobiology of vitiligo: separating the wheat from the chaff","volume":"18","author":"Boissy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19448","article-title":"Clinician-reported outcome measures for the assessment of vitiligo: a scoping review","volume":"37","author":"van Geel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000275657","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment outcomes of vitiligo from the patients' perspective: results of a national survey in Germany","volume":"220","author":"Radtke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214943","article-title":"Impact of vitiligo on life quality of patients: assessment of currently available tools","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11056.x","article-title":"Which outcomes should we measure in vitiligo? Results of a systematic review and a survey among patients and clinicians on outcomes in vitiligo trials","volume":"167","author":"Eleftheriadou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljac074","article-title":"Has the core outcome (domain) set for vitiligo been implemented? An updated systematic review on outcomes and outcome measures in vitiligo randomized clinical trials","volume":"188","author":"Eleftheriadou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Dermatologic Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733863524000779?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733863524000779?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:03:42Z","timestamp":1755695022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733863524000779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733863524000779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8635"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8635","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Canvas of Contemporary Insights into Clinical Vitiligo","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Dermatologic Clinics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.det.2024.08.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}